Ch 15 Adaptive Immunity – Flashcards
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| What are the two types of adaptive immunity? |
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| Humoral and cell-mediated |
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| Which type of immunity is known as blood immunity and is floating in the blood? |
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| humoral |
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| What must happen in cell-mediated immunity? |
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| antigen must be presented to the cell |
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| What does the lymphoid system include? |
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| primary lymphoid organs, secondary lymphoid organs, lymphatic vessels |
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| Bone marrow and the thymus are ..? |
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| Primary lymphoid organs |
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| Where is the site of B cell maturation? |
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| Bone Marrow |
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| What happens in the thymus? |
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| T cell maturation |
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| What happens once B and T cells mature |
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| They leave the primary lymphoid organs and migrate to the secondary lymphoid organs |
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| What are the secondary lymphoid organs and what occurs there? |
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| Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix. Site where lymphocytes gather to encounter antigens |
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| What carries lymph to body tissues? |
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| Lymphatic vessels |
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| What is an antigen/immunogen? |
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| Molecule that specifically interacts with an antibody or lymphocyte. (Ag) mostly protein |
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| What are the surface markers that are on an antigen that are recognized by the immune system called? |
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| Antigenic determinant/epitope |
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| What is the basic unit of an antibody? |
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| Monomer, made of four chains of amino acids held together by disulfides bonds |
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| Each heavy and light chain has a constant region. What is it known as and what does it determine? |
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| Fc region, determines class |
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| Each heavy and light chain has a variable region, what is it? |
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| Unique to each antibody, this region binds to a specific antigen and is known as the "Fab" region (F,antigen,binding) |
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| What antibody is the 1st to respond to an infection and is the only antibody that can be formed by the fetus? |
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| Ig M (10 days) |
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| What is the structure of the Ig M Ab? |
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| Pentamer (five monomer units joined together at the Fc). But found on the surface of B lymphocytes as a monomer |
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| Which type of Ab is 5-13% of serum in circulation? |
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| Ig M |
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| What is the Ab of memory and the only Ab that can cross the placenta? |
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| Ig G (21 days) |
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| What is the structure of Ig G and what % is in circulation? |
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| monomer, most dominant Ab- 80-85% in circulation |
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| Which Ab is found in secretions and what % is in circulation? |
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| Ig A, 10-13% |
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| What structure is Ig A? |
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| monomer in serum, dimer in secretions |
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| Which antibody is barely detectable in circulation and is a monomer? What is its role? |
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| Ig E, active in allergic reactions |
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| Describe the Ig D antibody |
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| less than 1% in circulation, monomer, maturation of antibody response |
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| Where can you find Ig E? |
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| lung, brain/neural tissue, and skin |
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| What is clonal selection? |
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| Specific response of mature B cells to an antigen's epitopes. |
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| What is clonal expansion? |
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| Repeated cycles of cell division generates population of copied antibodies |
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| List the stages of B cell development |
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| Immature -> naive -> activated -> effector/plasma cells -> memory |
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| Describe neutralization? One of the protective outcomes of Ab-Ag binding. |
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| It prevents toxins from interacting with the cell. |
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| How does immobilization and prevention of adherence protect Ab-Ag binding? |
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| The antibody bonds to the cellular structures (such as flagella) to interfere with the antigens function |
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| What is the terms for the clumping of bacterial cells by a specific antibody that causes the bacteria to be more easily phagocytized? |
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| agglutination and precipitation |
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| What is opsonization? |
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| The coating of bacteria with antibody to enhance phagocytosis. |
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| What type of protective outcome involves an antibody bonding and triggering classical pathway? |
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| Complement activation |
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| What is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)? |
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| multiple antibodies bind a cell which becomes target for certain cells. (virus, cancer cells) |
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| How long does it take before antibodies detect an Ag in blood with primary response? |
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| Lag period of 10-12 days |
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| In primary response, once an Ag is detected what happens? |
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| Activated B cells proliferate and differentiate into increasing numbers of plasma cells as long as the antigen is present. |
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| What is the net result of primary response? |
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| Slow steady increase in antibody titer |
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| What is secondary response? |
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| Memory cells responsible for swift effective reaction that often eliminate invaders before noticeable harm is done |
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| Where do forms of natural selection occur during affinity maturation? |
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| Among proliferating B cells |
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| What does affinity maturation do? |
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| Fine tunes quality of response with respect to specificity, B cell receptors more and more specific to antigen, antibody binds antigen more tightly |
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| What are B cells initially programmed to do? |
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| Differentiate into plasma cells, plasma cells secrete IgM antibodies |
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| Helper T cells produce cytokines which cause ... |
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| Some B cells to switch programming and differentiate to plasma cells that secrete other classes of antibodies, commonly IgG |
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| T cells never produce antibodies. T or F |
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| True |
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| Since T cells cannot produce antibodies what must happen for the T cell to take effect? |
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| Antigen must be presented by an APC (macrophage) to the T cell receptor |
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| Name the T-lymphocytes. |
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| T cell receptors, helper T cells (CD4), Cytotoxic T cell (CD8), Delayed hypersensitivity T cells, Suppressor T cells |
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| There are multiple copies of T cell receptors that are made up of... |
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| two polypeptide chains: alpha and beta or gamma and delta |
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| What do all T cell receptors have? |
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| A variable and constant region |
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| What is an MHC? |
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| Major Histocompatibility complex: protein on the surface of body cells that can bind an Ag, holds the Ag for T cell analysis |
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| T cells never produce antibodies. T or F |
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| True |
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| Where are class I MHC proteins found? |
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| expressed on every nucleated cell in the body. |
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| What type of antigens do class I MHC proteins bind and what do they bind them to? |
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| endogenous antigen, bind to Tc Cells |
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| What class of MHC proteins are expressed only on specific antigen-presenting cells |
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| class II |
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| What type of antigens does Class II MHC have? what do they bind to? |
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| exogenous antigen, Th cells |
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| Which type of T cell is CD4? |
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| Helper T cells (Th) |
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| what are Th1 cells? |
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| Activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity...call Tc to kill |
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| which type of T cell activates B cells to produce eosinophils, IgM and IgE |
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| Th2 |
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| Which type of T cells are CD8? |
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| cytotoxic T cells (Tc) |
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| Which type of T cell destroys target cells with perforin, to induce apoptosis? |
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| Cytotoxic T cells |
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| How are T cells activated? |
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| Dendritic cells, activated macrophages, and natural killer cells |
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| Where do natural killer cells descend from? |
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| Lymphoid stem cells |
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| What do natural killer cells lack and how do they recognize antigens? |
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| lack antigen specificity, no antigen receptor, recognize antigens by means of Fc portion of IgG antibodies |
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| What do natural killer cells recognize that is important in viral infections? |
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| Recognize destroyed host cells with no MHC class I surface molecules |
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| What type of immune response do NK cells augment and what does this enable? |
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| Adaptive immune response, enables killing of host cells with foreign protein in the membrane |
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| NK cells actions augment adaptive immune response which is important in the process of .. |
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| Antibody dependent cellular toxicity |
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| What does interleukin-1 do? |
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| Stimulates Th cells |
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| which type of interleukin activates Th, B, Tc, and NK cells? |
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| Interleukin-2 |
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| What does interleukin-12 do? |
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| differentiation of CD4 cells |
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| What do gamma-interferons do? |
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| Increase activity of macrophages |
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| What causes leukocytes to move to an infection? |
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| Chemokines (histamine, heparin) |
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| The body cannot make lymphocytes against itself due to... |
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| Clonal deletion: process of destroying B and T cells that react to self antigens |
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| What happens when B and T cells undergo negative selection? |
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| Apoptosis of B and T cells that recognize self |
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| Describe positive selection of T cells. |
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| Differentiation of T cells will only occur if that cell recognizes MHC molecule |
