Ch 14 Innate Immune Response – Flashcards
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| What type of immunity is nonspecific, and 1st & 2nd line of defense? |
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| Innate immunity |
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| What is acquired immunity? |
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| 3rd line of defense, specific |
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| What are the three types of first line defense? |
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| Mechanical, chemical, and normal flora factors. |
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| The skin, mucous membrane, and glands make up which factor of 1st line defense? |
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| Mechanical |
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| The Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells and is covered in what protective protein? |
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| Keratin |
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| What is the ciliary escalator? |
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| Part of the mucous membrane, Microbes trapped in mucous and transported away from the lungs |
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| What flows out of the mucous membrane? |
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| Urine and vaginal secretions |
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| What two glands aid in mechanical factors of defense? |
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| Lacrimal apparatus (wash eye) and saliva (wash microbes off) |
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| What do the sebaceous glands of the skin secrete? |
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| Sebum: fatty acids with a pH of 3-5 |
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| What is the pH of the gastric juices of the stomach? |
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| acidic pH of 1.2-3 |
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| What does perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids secrete? |
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| Lysozymes and peroxidase enzymes |
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| What two things compete for the binding of iron? (chemical factors) |
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| Transferrins in blood compete with bacteria |
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| What inhibits ATP production of bacteria? |
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| Nitric Oxide (NO) |
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| What is Normal Flora? |
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| Microorganisms found growing on or in the body of a healthy individual |
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| Name the 3 types of symbiotic relationships between microbes and a host. |
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| synergism(mutualism)-both organisms benefit commensalism-one benefits, the other is unharmed antagonism(parasitism)-one benefits at the others expense |
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| Name the four main components of the second-line defense of the body. |
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| White blood cells phagocytosis other blood components lymphatic system |
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| What white blood cells play a role in 2nd line defense? |
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| Granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes(monocytes), lymphocytes |
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| inflammation, fever, and the complement system make up what portion of 2nd line defense? |
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| Other blood components |
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| What is the highest population of WBC what role do they play? |
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| Neutrophils, 60-70% phagocytic, first responders to the damage |
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| What makes up the lowest population of WBC what is their role? |
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| Basophils, .5-1% Produce histamine, send signals |
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| Which white blood cell makes up 2-4% what do they do? |
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| Eosinophils. Toxic to parasites, allergic reactions, some phagocytosis |
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| Which WBC is phagocytic when mature, can be wondering or fixed, and makes up 3-8% of the population? |
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| Monocytes |
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| Describe lymphocytes. |
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| Involved in specific immunity, 20-25% of WBC's |
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| What do macrophages do? |
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| antigen presenting cells -produce cytokines -interact with T-helper cells -help form granulomas |
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| What is the first step in the process of phagocytosis? |
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| Cells are recruited to the infection |
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| What happens during recognition/attachment? (step 2) |
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| receptors bind microbes |
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| What happens during engulfment? (step 3) |
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| cell "eats" microbe forming phagosome |
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| what is the last step in the process of phagocytosis? |
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| exocytosis: phagocyte expels digested material to external environment |
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| What step involves the microbe killed due to lack of oxygen and decreased pH? |
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| Destruction and digestion |
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| What is phagosome lysosome fusion? (step 4) |
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| Phagosome binds lysosome, forming phagolysosome |
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| What do red blood cells and platelets do? |
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| Important role in inflammatory response and blood clotting |
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| What proteins make up plasma and serum? |
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| albumin and globulin(gamma portion contains antibodies) |
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| What two things are a part of the complement system and are interferons(glycoproteins)? |
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| Plasma and serum |
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| What are the cardinal signals of inflammation? |
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| Redness, pain, heat, swelling(edema), |
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| Microbial products trigger what? |
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| Toll-like receptors of macrophages. (listen to damaged cells) |
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| What can the microbial cell surface trigger? |
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| Complement cascade |
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| What allows blood to get to places faster and is caused by histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes? |
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| Vasodilation |
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| What happens during inflammation as a result of positive chemotaxis? |
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| margination and emigration of WBC's |
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| What does histamine do? |
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| Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels |
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| What does kinkins do? |
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| Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels, and chemotaxis |
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| Which hormone intensifies histamine and kinkin effects? |
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| Prostaglandins |
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| Which hormone causes increased permeability of blood vessels and phagocytic attachment? |
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| Leukotrienes |
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| What is apoptosis? |
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| Programmed CELL death - destroys the cell without eliciting inflammatory response |
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| What is a physiological response to infections? |
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| Fever |
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| Pyrogens can be endogenous and exogenous. Describe both types. |
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| -Endogenous are produced by our bodies and are fever inducing cytokines -exogenous are caused by bacteria, bacterial endotoxins |
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| What part of the brain controls temperature? |
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| Hypothalamus |
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| What is released to reset the hypothalamus to a high body temperature? |
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| prostaglandins |
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| The body increases the rate of metabolism and shivering to? |
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| raise body temperature and cause cells to be more efficient |
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| What effect does 1 degree Celsius change have on metabolic activity? |
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| Becomes 10% more efficient |
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| What does a high temperature inhibit? |
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| Pathogen growth |
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| What is the complement system? |
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| Series of inactive proteins (C1-C9) circulating in blood and fluids that strengthens activities of adaptive immunity. |
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| What initiates the cascade of enzymatic reactions? |
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| stimulation of inactive proteins. Results in rapid activation of components |
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| What are the three pathways of activation? |
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| classical, alternative, lectin |
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| Which pathway requires antibodies for activation? |
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| Classical |
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| What occurs during classical pathway activation? |
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| Antibodies interact with complement C1 which activates protein and leads to activation of all complex proteins |
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| Which pathway of activation is the most efficient? |
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| classical |
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| Which pathway of activation is quickly and easily initiated and relies on binding of complement protein C3b to cell surface and what does this allow? |
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| alternative pathway, allows formation of complement complex |
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| C3b is always circulating in the blood T or F |
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| True |
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| What does the lectin pathway require to activate? |
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| mannan-binding lectins (MBL) |
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| The lectin pathway has a pattern recognition molecules that detect mannan which is a |
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| polymer of mannose found in microbial cells |
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| How does the lectin pathway activate complement proteins? |
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| MBL attaches to surface |
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| What do Alpha and Beta interferons (IFNs) cause? |
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| Cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication |
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| What type of IFN causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria? |
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| Gamma IFN |
