Question 1

Regarding the difference between normal and abnormal behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The difference between normal and abnormal is often a matter of degree.

Question 2

Which of the following examples reflects a symptom of an anxiety disorder rather than normal anxiety?

Accepted Answer

For the past several weeks, Mavis has been unable to concentrate at work because she keeps thinking that something terrible might happen to her son at school, even though she knows that he\'s safe.

Question 3

The most common symptoms of a _____ are a pounding heart, rapid breathing, breathlessness, and a choking sensation. The person may also sweat, tremble, and experience light-headedness, chills, or hot flashes. Accompanying the intense, escalating surge of physical arousal are feelings of terror and the belief that one is about to die, go crazy, or completely lose control.

Accepted Answer

panic attack

Question 4

Most cases of specific phobia involve particular categories of objects or situations. Which of the following are people least likely to have a phobia of?

Accepted Answer

household cleaners, such as dishwashing liquid, soap, toilet cleaners, mops, and brooms

Question 5

Before leaving her home, Margaret makes sure that every electrical appliance is unplugged and checks that every window and door is securely locked. She checks everything seventeen times according to a strict ritual that she has worked out. If she misses one window, door, or appliance, she must begin all over again. If she tries to skip any step of the ritual, she experiences unbearable anxiety. Margaret is probably suffering from:

Accepted Answer

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 6

Over the last three months, Ivana\'s feelings of despondency have intensified for no apparent reason. Although her friends have tried to be encouraging and supportive, Ivana says that she feels completely detached from people, worthless, and has even thought about killing herself. Ivana\'s symptoms would suggest that she is probably suffering from:

Accepted Answer

Over the last three months, Ivana\'s feelings of despondency have intensified for no apparent reason. Although her friends have tried to be encouraging and supportive, Ivana says that she feels completely detached from people, worthless, and has even thought about killing herself. Ivana\'s symptoms would suggest that she is probably suffering from:

Question 7

In the last three days, Doug has become progressively more energetic and euphoric. He has been sleeping no more than an hour or two a night, but he seems to have unlimited energy. Doug is inappropriately self-confident as he veers from one grandiose idea to another in his plans to become rich and famous. Doug appears to be experiencing:

Accepted Answer

a manic episode

Question 8

Deceiving and manipulating others for one\'s own personal gain is a hallmark of which personality disorder?

Accepted Answer

antisocial

Question 9

When Spencer first started dating Melissa, their relationship quickly became very intense. But after a couple of weeks, Spencer became increasingly uneasy because Melissa seemed to constantly need his attention and reassurances of his commitment to her. When Melissa showed up unexpectedly at Spencer\'s office to have lunch with him, she became enraged when Spencer told her that he was taking two important clients to lunch. Shortly after this incident, Spencer tried to break off the relationship with Melissa, which turned into an ugly scene with her screaming profanities at him in the middle of the street. Several days later, Spencer learned that Melissa had been hospitalized for overdosing on tranquilizers. Melissa\'s pattern of behavior seems to fit which of the following disorders?

Accepted Answer

borderline personality disorder

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a dissociative experience that is pathological or abnormal?

Accepted Answer

being unable to remember your own name or other important details about your life

Question 11

Philip has been hospitalized for an episode of schizophrenia. He believes that secret agents are bombarding his brain with gamma rays, and he sometimes sees grotesque creatures climbing on the wall of his hospital room. Philip\'s symptoms are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 12

Despite attempts by his friends who have tried to reason with him, Simon is convinced that a news announcer on TV is talking in a special code about him and his thoughts. Simon appears to be experiencing delusions of:

Accepted Answer

reference

Question 13

False or distorted perceptions that seem vividly real are called

Accepted Answer

hallucinations

Question 14

Susan was treated for an episode of schizophrenia before she was married. In recent weeks, her husband has noticed that Susan\'s speech and facial expressions have become flat and expressionless and that she seems to have little motivation. Assuming that Susan is on the verge of another episode of schizophrenia, these symptoms are referred to as _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

Accepted Answer

negative

Question 15

One potential problem with insight-oriented therapies, such as psychoanalysis and client-centered therapy, is that:

Accepted Answer

gaining an understanding of the cause of maladaptive behaviors does not necessarily result in more adaptive and healthier behaviors

Question 16

In contrast to insight-oriented therapies, behavior therapy focuses on:

Accepted Answer

unlearning maladaptive behaviors and acquiring more adaptive behaviors in their place

Question 17

According to Beck\'s cognitive therapy, psychological problems are caused by:

Accepted Answer

negative cognitive biases, distorted thinking, and unrealistic beliefs

Question 18

Which of the following is a key advantage of group therapy?

Accepted Answer

The therapist can observe how a client actually interacts with others.

Question 19

Bipolar disorder, which is also often referred to as manic depression, is most commonly treated with a medication called:

Accepted Answer

lithium

Question 20

Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are all examples of:

Accepted Answer

a category of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, abbreviated SSRIs

Question 21

three criteria for labeling a pattern of behavior as a psychological disorder

Accepted Answer

1. Cause significant distress 2. Impair the ability to function in one or more important areas of life 3. Represents a serious departure from prevailing social or cultural norms

Question 22

What is the DSM 5?

Accepted Answer

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition Guideline for labeling and diagnosing disorders Describes more than 260 psychological disorders Symptoms Criteria that must be met for diagnosis Frequency, typical course, risk factors

Question 23

examples of the different psychological disorders

Accepted Answer

dissociative fugue phobias obsessive compulsive disorders major depression seasonal affective disorder bipolar disorder anti-social personality disorder borderline personality disorder jerusalem syndrome delusions of reference

Question 24

normal v. pathological anxiety

Accepted Answer

Irrational, uncontrollable,disruptive Normal anxiety can be adaptive, but pathological anxiety is not: it interrupts everyday activities for no good reason

Question 25

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Accepted Answer

worry about everything

Question 26

Panic Attacks/Disorder

Accepted Answer

attack: sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly escalates in intensity disorder: An anxiety disorder in which the person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks

Question 27

agoraphobia

Accepted Answer

Fear of a panic attack in a place they can\'t escape May result in avoiding crowded places, elevators, public transit, etc. or even unwillingness to leave their home

Question 28

phobia

Accepted Answer

Persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity

Question 29

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Frequent recollection of traumatic event, often intrusive and interfering with normal thoughts Avoidance of stimuli or situations that trigger recall of the event Negative alterations in thinking, moods, and emotions Increased physical arousal

Question 30

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Accepted Answer

A disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions.

Question 31

OCD obsession most common?

Accepted Answer

Repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollable irrational thoughts or mental images that cause extreme anxiety and distress Common obsessions: Fear of dirt, germs, or other forms of contamination Doubt about having accomplished a simple task such as shutting off appliances or locking the door

Question 32

OCD compulsion most common?

Accepted Answer

Repetitive behavior a person feels driven to perform. Usually a ritual that must be carried out in a particular pattern or sequence Often related to an obsession Common compulsions: Repeatedly washing hands Repeatedly checking to see if a task has been accomplished, e.g. door has been locked.

Question 33

main symptoms of major depression

Accepted Answer

feels sad or empty diminished interest or pleasure in activities significant weight loss insomnia agitation or retardation fatigue feelings of worthlessness inability to concentrate suicidal thoughts

Question 34

characteristics of major depression: demographics

Accepted Answer

6 percent to 7 percent of Americans are affected by major depression in any given year About 15 percent of Americans at some point in their lives Women are about twice as likely as men to be affected by major depression

Question 35

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Accepted Answer

Mood disorder in which episodes of depression typically occur during the fall and winter and subside during the spring and summer

Question 36

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) and how does it differ from major depression?

Accepted Answer

Mood disorder in which episodes of depression typically occur during the fall and winter and subside during the spring and summer  Symptoms less severe than an major depressive episode, but overall impact can be just as great because it does not remit.

Question 37

Bipolar Disorder symptoms and course

Accepted Answer

Mood disorder involving abnormal moods at both ends of the spectrum

Question 38

mania symptoms of a manic episode

Accepted Answer

Manic episodes: Little sleep but boundless energy Highly inflated self-esteem and grandiose plans Rapid speech and thoughts  Manic episodes seriously impact ability to function Tends to increase impulsive or high-risk behaviors Excessive spending Hypersexuality Illegal acts Substance abuse Severe mania may involve delusions or hallucinations

Question 39

Personality disorders

Accepted Answer

Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that differ markedly from cultural expectations and impair social functioning.

Question 40

three major categories of personality disorder

Accepted Answer

1.Anxious/fearful Avoid problems, dependent on others, OCD-like traits 2.Odd/eccentric Social deficits, odd ways of thinking 3.Dramatic/impulsive Egocentric, attention-seeking, difficulty empathizing with others

Question 41

Paranoid Personality Disorder and what are the common symptoms?

Accepted Answer

distrust and suspicion assumes other people intend to deceive, exploit or harm them

Question 42

Antisocial Personality Disorder and what are the common symptoms?

Accepted Answer

blatantly disregards or violates rights of others impulsive, irresponsible, deceitful, manipulative, lacks guilt or remorse

Question 43

Borderline Personality Disorder and what are the common symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and marked impulsivity

Question 44

Dissociative disorders

Accepted Answer

Category of psychological disorders in which extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and personal identity impair the ability to function

Question 45

dissociative experience example

Accepted Answer

Dissociative experience: A person\'s awareness, memory, or personal identity become separated or divided

Question 46

dissociative fugue

Accepted Answer

Dissociate fugue - a rare, generally reversible amnesia for personal identity

Question 47

dissociative identity disorder symptoms controversial diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Involves extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities, or \"personalities\" (often called alters). Mechanism is that there is another mental illness coming on, not that one traumatic event caused the formation of multiple personalities

Question 48

culture-bound syndrome

Accepted Answer

The idea that mental illnesses can present with symptoms that are specific to culture Koro in parts of China and southeast Asia: Belief that one\'s genitals are retracting into the body and will disappear

Question 49

schizophrenia

Accepted Answer

A psychological disorder that involves severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes

Question 50

difference between positive and negative symptoms

Accepted Answer

Positive symptoms - Presence of abnormal thoughts and behaviors Negative symptoms -Absence of normal thoughts and behaviors

Question 51

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Accepted Answer

Presence of abnormal thoughts and behaviors Delusions-False beliefs Hallucinations- False perceptions Severely disorganized thought processes or speech Severely disorganized behavior

Question 52

delusion and the four major categories of delusions  examples for each

Accepted Answer

1. Delusions of reference- all about you  2. Delusions of Grandeur- believe that are powerful, famous, etc.  Real person is imposter  3. Delusions of persecution- most common; belief that they are out to get you  4. Delusions of being controlled- belief that outside sources are directly trying to control you  Government, aliens

Question 53

hallucinations  most common

Accepted Answer

Hallucinations: False or distorted perceptions that seem vividly real and located in external space

Question 54

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Accepted Answer

Absence of normal thoughts and behaviors Flat affect Lack of normal emotional expression: Reduction in facial expression Speaking in monotone Alogia Greatly reduced speech production Avolition Inability to initiate or persist in goal-directed behavior

Question 55

explanations for schizophrenia

Accepted Answer

50 percent of people with schizophrenia show some type of brain structure abnormality  Most consistent finding: enlargement of the ventricles Loss of gray matter Loss in temporal lobes correlated with hallucinations and delusions Loss in frontal lobes correlated with negative symptoms

Question 56

psychotherapies examples

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic therapies Humanistic therapies Behavior therapies Cognitive therapies Mindfulness-based therapies Group, family, and couples therapies

Question 57

insight-oriented therapies vs. cognitive or behavioral therapies

Accepted Answer

know problem v. change problem

Question 58

Psychoanalysis basic idea that underlies it how is it done?

Accepted Answer

Repressed conflicts continue to influence a person\'s thoughts and behaviors Helps unearth unconscious conflicts so the patient attains insight Free association: Patient sits on couch saying whatever comes to mind

Question 59

Humanistic therapies: What are they? What is the basic idea that underlies it? How is it done?

Accepted Answer

Emphasis on human potential and self-awareness Client-centered therapy Developed by Carl Rogers Emphasizes client\'s perception of his or her self and environment  Therapy is nondirective: therapist does not make diagnoses or suggestions, point out contradictions, or agree or disagree with the client Therapist\'s role is to create conditions that allow client to direct focus of therapy

Question 60

What is client-centered therapy? What is the basic principle behind it?

Accepted Answer

Therapeutic conditions that promote self-directed change:

Question 61

What are the three therapeutic conditions held to be necessary by client-centered therapy?

Accepted Answer

Genuineness: Therapist honestly and openly shares thoughts and feelings with client Unconditional positive regard Therapist must value, accept, and care for client Empathic understanding Therapist must communicate and listen actively: be a mirror that reflects a patient\'s thoughts and feelings back to the patient.

Question 62

Behavior therapy: What is it? What is the basic idea that underlies it?

Accepted Answer

Behavior therapy seeks to directly change problem behaviors. Maladaptive behaviors are learned and can be unlearned; adaptive behaviors can be learned in their place.

Question 63

How is behavior therapy used to treat phobias?

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization or graduated exposure therapy Teach the patient relaxation techniques  Expose the patient to a less-threatening form of the feared stimulus while they practice relaxation techniques E.g a picture of a snake, a rubber snake, etc. Gradually work up to more threatening stimuli E.g. holding a live snake

Question 64

What is the role of operant conditioning and shaping in behavior therapy?

Accepted Answer

Use positive reinforcement and extinction to unlearn maladaptive behaviors and learn adaptive ones.  Start with simple tasks and work up to more complex ones.

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