CH 14: Social Psychology Flashcards
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is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
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Social Psychology
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Evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept Factors: Message source Characteristics of the message Characteristics of the target
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Attitudes
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The characteristics of a person who delivers a persuasive message, known as the attitude communicator
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Message source
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What the message is like -One-sided argument -Two-sided argument -Fear-producing message
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Characteristic of the message
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-Central-route processing -Peripheral-route processing
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Characteristics of the target
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Occurs when the recipient thoughtfully considers the issues and arguments involved in persuasion
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Central-route processing
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Occurs when people are persuaded on the basis of factors unrelated to the nature or quality of the content of a persuasive message
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Peripheral-route processing
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occurs when a person holds two attitudes or thoughts (referred to as cognitions) that contradict each other
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Cognitive dissonance
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Processes that underlie our understanding of the social world
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Social cognition
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Sets of cognitions about people and social experiences
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Schemas
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The process by which an individual organizes information about another person to form an overall impression of that person
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Impression formation
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Traits utilized to form an overall impression of others.
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Central traits
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seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are
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Attribution theory
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A cause of behavior that is brought about by something in the environment
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Situational causes
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A cause of behavior that is prompted by the person's disposition (his or her internal traits or personality characteristics)
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Dispositional causes
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Tendency to attribute success to personal factors and attribute failure to factors outside oneself
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Self-serving bias
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Tendency to over-attribute others' behavior to dispositional causes, and the corresponding failure to recognize the importance of situational causes
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Fundamental attribution error
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Phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics.
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Halo effect
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The tendency to think of people as being similar to oneself, even when meeting them for the first time
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Assumed-similarity bias
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is the process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others
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Social Influence
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Consist of two or more people who: -Interact with one another -Perceive themselves as part of a group -Are interdependent
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Groups
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is a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people
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Conformity
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is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view. -NASA
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Groupthink
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Behaviors that are associated with people in a given position Philip Zimbardo's Prison Study (1973) Abu Ghraib
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Conformity to Social Roles
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Small request followed by a larger request
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Foot-in-the-door technique
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Large request followed by a smaller request
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Door-in-the-face technique
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Offered a deal at an inflated price
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That's-not-all technique
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Norm of reciprocity
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Not-so-free sample
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is a change in behavior due to the commands of others
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Obedience
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Generalized beliefs and expectations about social groups and their members
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Stereotypes
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The negative (or positive) evaluations of groups and their members
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Prejudice
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Negative behavior toward members of a particular group
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Discrimination
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Represents a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another
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Passionate (or romantic) love
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Strong affection that we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved
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Companionate love
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Intentional injury or harm to another person
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Aggression
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Catharsis -Process of discharging built up aggressive energy
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Instinct approaches
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Frustration -The thwarting or blocking of some ongoing, goal-directed behavior Instinct approaches
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Frustration-aggression approaches
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Effects of modeling Instinct approaches
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Observational learning approaches
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Helping behavior
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Prosocial behavior
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Helping behavior that is beneficial to others but clearly requires self-sacrifice.
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Altruism
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Tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared, or diffused, among those present.
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Diffusion of responsibility
