Ch. 12 The Stages of Learning – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
trouble teaching a beginner
answer
people who are skilled in an activity often have
question
stages (phases)
answer
people progress through _____ (_______) as they learn a motor skill
question
Fitts and Posner 3 Stage & Gentile 2 Stage
answer
what are the two models proposed to identify and describe the stages
question
1 Cognitive, 2 Associative, 3 Autonomous
answer
what are Fitts and Posner's 3 stages of motor skill learning
question
completely new
answer
During Fitts & Posner's Cognitive stage the task is
question
what to do, when to do it, how to do it
answer
the questions inloved in Fitts & Posner's cognitive stage involve
question
relate to something that they know
answer
during Fitts and Posner's cognitive stage, it is important to, when teaching
question
errors and rough estimation
answer
During Fitts and Posner's verbal-cognitive stage there are many
question
Cognitive Stage
answer
Which stage of Fitts & Posner's improves rapidly
question
motor stage
answer
The associative stage of Fitts & Posner is also known as
question
associate cues from environment and organize efficient movement patterns
answer
Two ways the second Fitts & Posner stage helps movement
question
associative stage
answer
which Fitts & Posner stage strengthens the motor program and develops anticpation
question
Associative stage
answer
Monitoring own feedback and gradually increasing consistency is found in which stage of Fitts & Posner
question
Associative
answer
which Fitts and Posner stage lasts the longest
question
autonomous
answer
the performance of the skill becomes automatic during which Fitts and Posner stage
question
to perform cognitive activities during the performance of the skill
answer
the Autonomous Stage of Fitts and Posner allows
question
program longer movement sequences & detect errors better
answer
during the Autonomous stage of Fitts and Posner you can
question
instruction and rehabilitation environments
answer
Gentile's 2 stages are for
question
1 Initial, 2 Later
answer
Gentiles's 2 stages consist of
question
getting the idea of the movement
answer
During the Initial Stage the learner will be simply
question
movement coordination pattern to enable some degree of success achieving action goal & learn to discriminate bewteen regulatory and non-regulatory conditions in environmental context
answer
what are the two goals the learner works to achieve during the initial stage
question
learner must identify and selectively attend to relevant conditions
answer
during the initial stage what is meant by learning discrimination
question
to acquire three characterisitics
answer
during the Later Stage of Gentile, what does the learner work to do
question
1 Adapting movement pattern aquired in Initial Stage to demands of any performance situation, 2 Increase consistency of action goal achievement, 3 Perform with an economy of effort
answer
what are the 3 characterisitics the learner works to acquire during the Later Stage
question
Fixation and Diversification
answer
The Later Stages of Gentile is also known as
question
the acquired movement pattern to the environment
answer
during the Later stage the learner must match
question
Fixation Movement Pattern, consistently repeating optimal movement pattern to achieve action goal
answer
if present in stable environment, how will Later Stage respond
question
Diversification Movement Pattern, enabling adaptation to changing environmental conditions
answer
if present in varied environment how will Later Stage respond
question
Fixation
answer
the goal for CLOSED SKILLS during Later Stage is
question
Diversification
answer
the goal for OPEN SKILLS during Later Stage is
question
focusing on increasing consistency of producing same movement pattern each time skill is performed
answer
if your goal is fixation, you perform closed skills which means
question
focusing on increasing capability to adapt to changing spatial and temporal regulatory conditions
answer
if your goal is Diversification, you perform open skills, which means
question
capability to adapt to non-regulatory conditions (color, smell, noise)
answer
focusing on producing same movement actually increases
question
use stages, First Stage deals with Cognitive/Idea, practical applications to help instructor
answer
how are Fitts and Posner & Gentile similar
question
2 vs 3 stages & Fitts-Posner uses cognitive vs Gentile using environment
answer
what are differences among Fitts and Posner & Gentile
question
provides a closer look at the skill learning process & establish importance of developing different instruction strategies for different learning stages
answer
what are benefits of considering characteristics
question
rate of improvement, movement coordination, altering old condition patterns, muscles used to perform skill, energy cost, achieving kinematic goals of skill, visual selective attention, error detection, brain activity
answer
Name a list of characteristics that change
question
1 Displacement, 2 Velocity, 3 Acceleration
answer
achieving kinematic goals of the skill is a characterisitc that changes, what is the order of achievements of the action skill
question
chunking (example given: sequence form 2nd gear to 3rd gear; while maintaining control of car)
answer
demands of conscious attention decrease due to
question
Practice Specificity Hypothesis, visual feedback from novice to expert
answer
A characterisitic that would not change would be
question
learning is specific to the sources of sensory information available during practice
answer
the practice specificity hypothesis means
question
evidence that a dependency on the sensory feedback develops because it becomes a part of the memory representation of the skill
answer
what did Proteau hypothesize and provide
question
person who is located at extreme right end of the learning stages continuum
answer
define expert
question
type of practice that resulted in expertise, amount of practice that resulted in expertise, knowledge structure, use of vision
answer
what do experts in all skill performance areas have in common
