Ch 12 Reducing Your Risk of Cancer – Flashcards
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Cancer is the #what leading cause of death in the US?
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2
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Five year survival rate
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% of people in study or treatment group who are alive 5 years after they were diagnosed w or treated for cancer In general, has gone up bc better at treating and curing
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Each year, how many new cases diagnosed?
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1.7 million
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What % of new cases will be alive 5 years from now?
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68% All cancers combined
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What % mortality worldwide
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13%
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is it a chronic disease?
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Yes but you can be cured Still long lasting, expensive, low survival rates
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Where can cancer develop?
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Any part of the body
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Remission
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Temporary or permanent period when cancer is responding to treatment and under control Leads to the disappearance of the signs and symptoms of cancer No longer spreading Patients who are cured show no subsequent cancer in their bodies and can expect to live a long and productive life
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Cancer
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Large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells Cells are programmed to divide and die--something goes wrong-- damage surrounding cells or travel around body
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Neoplasm
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A new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function and results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development Mass of cells
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Tumor
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Neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue
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Biopsy
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Microscopic examination of tissue to determine whether cancer is present Diagnoses cancer
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Benign
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Harmless Refers to noncancerous tumor Enclosed in capsule Growth can potentially pose problems--block intestines, seizure in brain Consist of ordinary looking cells enclosed in fibrous shell or capsule that prevents them from spreading
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Malignant
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Very dangerous or harmful Refers to a cancerous tumor Not enclosed in a shell and can spread to other organs in process called metastasis Malignant cells disrupt RNA and DNA, producing mutant cells
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Metastasis
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Process by which cancer spreads from 1 area to dif areas If catch tumor before it spreads--better survival rate
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Mutant Cells
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Differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells Abnormal DNA
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Lifetime risk
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Probability that an individual, over course of lifetime, will develop cancer
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Relative risk
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Strength of relationship between risk factors and a particular cancer
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Genetic and physiological risks
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Genetic predisposition Oncogenes Hereditary predisposition
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Genetic predisposition
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Influenced by environment--can determine if predisposed genes will develop
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Oncogenes
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Suspected cancer-causing genes Typically stay dormant but can be activated based on environment Factors that can turn them on: carcinogens, inc age
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Reproductive and Hormonal Risks
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Reproductive factors on breast cancer and cervical cancers are well documented Some risk factors more likely to cancer: more fertile/more yrs before menopause not having kids having kids late in life
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Acquired (environmental) risks
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Tobacco use Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, obesity Stress and psychosocial risks (stress impacts immune system, body tries to destroy cancerous cells Inflammation, certain infectious agents, certain medical treatments Drug and alcohol consumption Excessive sun exposure and exposure to carcinogens (need exposure for vitamin D but not too much)
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Carcinogens
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Cancer causing agents
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1.23 relative risk .75
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Would be 23% more chance of developing .75 less risk so it'd be a protective factor
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Inflammation and Cancer Risks
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Emerging theory that inflammatory responses play role in cancer development
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What % of cancers caused by cellular mutations and environmental factors?
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90% Occur as a result of inflammation, body not able to kill it
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Occupational and Environmental Risks
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Exposure to asbestos, nickel, chromate, benzene, arsenic, vinyl chloride Exposure to radioactive substances Maybe installing insulation, giving xrays Radiation Chemicals in food (most banned in US, probs not other countries)
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Big or small % of cancers from occupational and environmental risks?
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Small Has dec a lot bc can get sued
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Ionizing radiation
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Only form proven to cause cancer ex: xrays, UV rays, radon
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Nonionizing radiation
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No consistent link w cancer Off cell phones, TV, computer, microwaves
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Infectious Diseases and Cancer
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Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C can cause liver cancer Human Papillomarivus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer high % bc infection
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What % of all cancers caused by viruses, bacteria and parasites?
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10%
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Categories of cancer
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Carcinomas Sarcomas Lymphomas Leukemias
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Carcinomas
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Epithelial tissues are most common cancer sites Epithelial: cover body surfaces, line body cavities-skin, throat, lungs Solid tumors- precise radiation to treat it
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Sarcomas
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Occur in mesodermal/middle layers of tissues (bones, muscles, general connective tissues) Less common than carcinomas but when develop are more dangerous, spread faster Solid tumors
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Lymphomas
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Develop in lymphatic system Solid tumors
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Leukemias
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Cancers of the blood-forming parts of the body (bone marrow, spleen) Non solid tumors so treat differently
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Lung Cancer primary risk factor
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Smoking, including secondhang smoke
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What % of lung cancer victims have never smoked?
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15%
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Is this the most dangerous for male or female?
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Yes both
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Symptoms of lung cancer
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Persistent cough Blood streaked sputum Chest pain Recurrent attacks of infections like pneumonia or bronchitis
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Reduce risk of lung cancer by
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Avoiding carcinogens--really reduce risk Early prevention Stop smoking
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Treatment of lung cancer
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Depends on stage and includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation if cancer is localized, surgery is treatment of choice
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1 year survival rate of lung cancer
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41%
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5 year survival rate of lung cancer
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16%
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Breast cancer probability for women
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1 in 8
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Symptoms of breast cancer
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Persistent breast changes patient can recognize
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Most breast cancer cases fatal?
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No bc most are quickly diagnosed
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Treatments for breast cancer
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Range from masectomy (surgery) to various combos of radiation and chemo SERM
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SERM
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Selective estrogen-receptor modulators Control hormonal risks
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Risk factors for breast cancer
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Inc w age Family history of breast cancer Periods that began early and ended late in life Never having had children Sudden weight gain
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5 year survival rate for breast cancer
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98% lower if diagnosed in more advanced stages lot of money goes to research
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Colon and Rectal cancer # what most common cancer in men and women?
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3
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Risk factors for colon and rectal cancer
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Older age over 50 Obesity Family history Colitis (colon disease)
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Symptoms of colon and rectal cancer
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Bleeding Cramping Pain in lower abdomen Unusual fatigue
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Warning signs of colon and rectal cancer
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Blood in the stool Rectal bleeding
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Colon and rectal cancer dangerous bc?
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Not many symptoms early on
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Treatment of colon and rectal cancer
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Radiation Surgery
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Protective factors for colon and rectal cancer
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regular exercise high fruit and plant based diet healthy weight moderate alcohol
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Amount of ppl diagnosed w skin cancer in 2013
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3. 5 million
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Highly curable forms of skin cancer
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basal or squamous (epithelial tissue--skin)
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Most common form of cancer in US today?
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skin
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More lethal form of skin cancer
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Malignant melanoma
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Malignant melanoma
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A virulent cancer of the melanocytes (pigment producing) of the skin
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ABCD rule about melanoma
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Asymmetry: odd shape Border irregularity: doesn't match Color: not uniform Diameter: size, growing?
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Can you often spot skin cancer?
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yes
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What % of skin cancers are treated with surgery?
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90% Depends on stage--may need dif treatment
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Treatments for skin cancer
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Surgery Radiation Electrodesiccation (destroy by heat) Cyrosurgery (destroy by cold)
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Skin cancer has hereditary component?
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yes
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Most frequently diagnosed cancer in american males today, excluding skin cancer
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prostate cancer
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Second leading cause of deaths in men
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Prostate cancer
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Symptoms of prostate cancer
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Weak or interrupted urine flow Difficulty starting or stopping urination Urge to urinate frequently Blood in urine or pain in low back, pelvis, thighs
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Prostate
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Small gland surrounds urethra
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Location of prostate
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growth can influence urine flow
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Risk factors for prostate cancer
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Age, race, family history Earing more fruits and veggies may help lower risk Over 50--get regular checkups African males higher rates
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Prostate-Specific Antigen
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PSA Antigen found in prostate cancer patients Blood marker of cancer Inc rate diagnosed early bc easy blood test
