question

interaction effect

answer

the effect of an additional independent variable. A result from a factorial design, in which the difference in the levels of one independent variable changes, depending on the level of the other independent variable; a difference in differences

question

factorial design

answer

There are two or more independent variables. A study in which there are two or more independent variables, or factors. In the most common factorial design, researchers cross the two independent variables; that is, they study each possible combination of the independent variables. The process of using a factorial design to test limits is sometimes called testing for moderators. (moderator: variable that changes the relationship between two variables)

question

cells

answer

A condition in an experiment; in a simple experiment, it can represent the level of one independent variable; in a factorial design it represents one of the possible combinations of two independent variables. Ex: older people driving while using cell phones, driving while not using cell phones, and younger people driving while using cell phones, or driving while not using cell phones

question

participant variable

answer

A variable whose levels are selected (i.e. measured), not manipulated. Because the levels are not manipulated, variables such as age, gender, and ethnicity are not truly 'independent' variables. However, when they are studied in a factorial design, researchers often call them independent variables for the sake of simplicity. A variable such as age, gender, or ethnicity whose levels are selected (i.e., measured), not manipulated.

question

main effect

answer

the overall effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, averaging over the levels of the other independent variable. In other words, a main effect is a simple difference. In a factorial design with two independent variables, there are two main effects. main effect = overall effect : the overall effect of one independent variable at a time.

question

marginal means

answer

The arithmetic means for each level of an independent variable, averaging over levels of the other independent variable. may or may not have statistical significance

question

How do you detect interactions from a graph?

answer

If the lines are not parallel, there probably is an interaction. If the lines are parallel, there probably is no interaction.

question

When a study shows both a main effect and an interaction, which is likely more important to researchers?

answer

The interaction is almost always more important.

question

What are two common reasons to use a factorial design?

answer

1. Factorial designs can test limits; to test whether an independent variable effects different kinds of people, or people in different situations, the same way. 2. Factorial designs can test theories; can test generalizability of a causal variable and also test theories.

question

How can you detect an interaction from a table of means?

answer

Start by computing two differences. Begin with one level of the first independent variable. Then go to the 2nd level of the first independent variable. Be sure to compute the difference in the same direction both times. If the differences are different, you can conclude there is an interaction in this factorial study.

question

Why might it be better to call a main effect an overall effect?

answer

The term main effect is usually misleading, because it seems to suggest that it is the most important effect in a study. It is not. The interaction itself is the most important effect.

question

Independent - Groups Factorial Design

answer

Both independent variables are studied as independent groups. If the design is a 2 x 2, there are four different groups of participants in the experiment.

question

Within - Groups Factorial Design

answer

Both independent variables are manipulated as within groups. If the design is 2 x 2, there is only one group of participants, but they participate in all four combinations (or cells) of the design.

question

Mixed Factorial Designs

answer

One independent variable is manipulated as independent groups and the other is manipulated as within - groups. Each participant does both the manipulated and the control conditions of the study.

question

interaction

answer

What is it called when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable?

question

treatment group

answer

Which of the following is NOT an example of a participant variable?

question

the interaction

answer

In a factorial design study, which effect is usually considered the most important effect?

question

independent-groups factorial design

answer

Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. What type of design is this?

question

type of commercial shown

answer

Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following is a factor in this study?

question

amount of alcohol consumed by the young adult during the week

answer

Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following is a participant variable in this study?

question

to test the limits of an effect and to test theories

answer

What are the two main reasons researchers use factorial designs?

question

factorial

answer

A _______ design is one in which there are two or more independent variables.

question

moderating

answer

Interactions allow researchers to examine _________ variables.

question

Marginal means

answer

___________ are the means for each level of an independent variable, averaging over levels of the other independent variable.

question

three main effects, three two-way interactions, and a three-way interaction

answer

In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, what are all the possible effects to test?

question

60

answer

A researcher wants to run a 2 x 3 mixed factorial design. The first factor is within-subjects. The second factor is between-subjects. If the researcher wants 20 observations per cell, how many participants will he need in total?

question

3 independent variables, 24 cells

answer

How many independent variables and how many cells are there in a 2 × 3 × 4 study?

question

correlation

answer

When authors of a research article are describing just the results of a factorial study, which of these terms would you NOT expect to see?

question

reference to a peer-reviewed journal

answer

Which of the following would NOT necessarily be a clue that the study described in a popular press article was a factorial design?

question

8??

answer

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. How many cells are there in this study?

question

The effect of the alcohol commercial on alcohol consumption depended on whether the viewer was usually a heavy drinker or a light drinker.

answer

Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following can be inferred from the study?

question

tastiness and expensiveness

answer

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. What is the dependent variable?

question

mixed factorial design

answer

Susan designed a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. What kind of study design is this?

question

2 x 2

answer

Susan designed a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. What is the factorial notation for this design?

question

two parallel diagonal lines

answer

Susan ran a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. Susan found that there was a main effect for age such that younger people reported being more anxious than older people. She found a main effect for audience size such that people were more anxious in the room with 50 people than they were in the room by themselves. She did not find an interaction in the results. If Susan were to graph her results, what would they look like?

question

6

answer

Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. How many cells was each participant in?

question

the number of pictures accurately identified

answer

Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. What is the dependent variable?

question

a two-way interaction between race and personality

answer

Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. Caucasian "Competitors" were identified more easily than the other two Caucasian personality types, but there was no difference in accuracy for African-American faces. What does this describe?

question

two main effects and one interaction

answer

Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. What are all the differences that must be examined?

question

What is it called when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable? interaction main effect overall effect mediation

answer

a

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a participant variable? age sex years of education treatment group

answer

d

question

In a factorial design study, which effect is usually considered the most important effect? the main effect of the first independent variable the interaction the main effect of the second independent variable the overall effect

answer

b

question

Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. What type of design is this? within-groups factorial design mixed factorial design independent-groups factorial design nested factorial design

answer

c

question

Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following is a factor in this study? type of commercial shown amount of alcohol consumed during the movie young adults who consume small amounts of alcohol each week the movie shown

answer

a

question

Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following is a participant variable in this study? type of commercial shown amount of alcohol consumed by the young adult during the week amount of alcohol consumed during the movie the movie shown

answer

b

question

What are the two main reasons researchers use factorial designs? to increase construct validity and to test theories to increase construct validity and to increase internal validity to test the limits of an effect and to test theories to use fewer participants and to test the limits of an effect

answer

c

question

A _______ design is one in which there are two or more independent variables. factorial repeated measures concurrent measures pretest-posttest

answer

a

question

Interactions allow researchers to examine _________ variables. mediating moderating confounding third main effect

answer

b

question

___________ are the means for each level of an independent variable, averaging over levels of the other independent variable. Moderating variables Factorial designs Interaction effects Marginal means

answer

d

question

In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, what are all the possible effects to test? two main effects and a two-way interaction?? three main effects and three-way interaction three main effects, three two-way interactions, and a three-way interaction three main effects, three two-way interactions, and three three-way interactions

answer

c

question

A researcher wants to run a 2 x 3 mixed factorial design. The first factor is within-subjects. The second factor is between-subjects. If the researcher wants 20 observations per cell, how many participants will he need in total? 20 40 60 120

answer

c

question

How many independent variables and how many cells are there in a 2 × 3 × 4 study? 2 independent variables, 4 cells 2 independent variables, 9 cells 3 independent variables, 9 cells 3 independent variables, 24 cells

answer

d

question

When authors of a research article are describing just the results of a factorial study, which of these terms would you NOT expect to see? correlation main effect interaction effect significant

answer

a

question

Which of the following would NOT necessarily be a clue that the study described in a popular press article was a factorial design? the phrase "it depends" reference to a peer-reviewed journal the use of a participant variable as well as another independent variable phrasing that suggests that there was a difference in the differences

answer

b

question

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. How many cells are there in this study? 1 3?? 8?? 16

answer

c

question

Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following can be inferred from the study? The alcohol commercial increased the alcohol consumption of all viewers. The effect of the alcohol commercial on alcohol consumption depended on whether the viewer was usually a heavy drinker or a light drinker. The alcohol commercial had no effect on the consumption of alcohol. The effect of the alcohol commercial on alcohol consumption was unpredictable.

answer

b

question

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. What is the dependent variable? tastiness and expensiveness price picture consumer

answer

a

question

Susan designed a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. What kind of study design is this? independent-groups factorial design within-groups factorial design mixed factorial design concurrent measures design

answer

c

question

Susan designed a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. What is the factorial notation for this design? 2 x 2 1 x 2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 4

answer

a

question

Susan ran a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. Susan found that there was a main effect for age such that younger people reported being more anxious than older people. She found a main effect for audience size such that people were more anxious in the room with 50 people than they were in the room by themselves. She did not find an interaction in the results. If Susan were to graph her results, what would they look like? two parallel horizontal lines two parallel diagonal lines two parallel vertical lines two crossed lines

answer

b

question

Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. How many cells was each participant in? 1 2 3 6

answer

d

question

Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. What is the dependent variable? the number of pictures accurately identified race of the personality in the picture personality of the person in the picture race of the participant

answer

a

question

Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. Caucasian "Competitors" were identified more easily than the other two Caucasian personality types, but there was no difference in accuracy for African-American faces. What does this describe? a main effect a two-way interaction between race and personality a two-way interaction between Caucasian and personality a three-way interaction between race, personality, and accuracy

answer

b

question

Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. What are all the differences that must be examined? three main effects and two interactions two main effects and two interactions three main effects and one interaction two main effects and one interaction

answer

d

question

Interaction

answer

How two independent variables are related, whether one depends on the other. - difference in differences = the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable depends on on the level of the other independent variable

question

cross over interaction

answer

when lines cross each other in demonstrating interaction (hot and cold foods/ ice cream pancakes)

question

Spreading interaction

answer

- lines not parallel, do not cross over ( treat and no treat/ say something and say nothing) - one line flat, one line increase or decrease but never cross

question

Factorial Designs

answer

a design in which there are two or more independent variables (aka factors).

question

Crossed Factorial Design

answer

-factorial design where researchers cross the two independent variables and study each possible combination of the independent variables.

question

Nested Factorial Design

answer

One independent variable in primary, and the other indpendent variable is nested under it i.e. researcher studies two school districts and then three schools within each district (district is first IV and three schools are second, nested, IV)

question

Participant Variable

answer

Variable whose level are selected (measured) and not manipulated i.e. age, sex, ethnicity, and culture - not truly independent variables

question

Factorial Designs Can Test Limits

answer

-test whether IV affects different kinda of people, or people in different situations, in the same way. -would cell phone use while driving only affect one age group? or have same effect on people of different ages? -function as form of external validity: testing whether effect generalizes (when IV effects groups in the same way. suggests effect generalizes to all) -Interactions show moderators - Test Theories

question

Results of Strayer and Dweyer's studies

answer

- effect of talking on a cell phone did not depend on age. Older drivers did tend to brake more slowly than younger ones, consistent with past research on aging drivers. -the effect of using a cell phone did not differ with age = cell phone use did not interact with age.

question

moderator

answer

variable that changes the relationship between two other variable. -in factorial language moderator is an independent variable that changes the relationship between another independent variable and a dependent variable. (results in an interaction) i.e. driver age did not moderate impact of cell phone use on brake time

question

Main Effect

answer

the overall effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, averaging over the other levels of he other independent variable - not necessarily most important -simple difference

question

Marginal Means

answer

means for each level of an independent variable - may or may not be statistically significant (if not- no effect)

question

Interaction cont.

answer

the difference of the simple differences -interaction is almost always more important

question

Independent Groups Factorial Designs

answer

-both independent variables are manipulated as independent groups - in a 2x2 there are four independent groups

question

Within-Groups Factorial Designs

answer

- both independent variables are manipulated as within groups. - in a 2x2 there is only one group of participants who participate in all four combinations

question

Mixed Factorial Designs

answer

-one independent variable is manipulated as independent groups and the other is manipulated within groups - i.e. old and young group, each group drove with and without cellphone condition -strayer and and drews

question

Increasing number of independent variables

answer

__ x __ x __ ^ level of each dependent variable - with each additionial variable need to test main effect ( 2x2x2) need to test for three main effects

question

Gucciardi and Dimmock (2008) reported on an experiment on choking under pressure in skilled golfers. They varied anxiety level and putting condition in a 2 × 3 within-group design. Anxiety level (low or high) was varied with a competition being introduced following the low-anxiety trials. The putting conditions were thinking of cue words about either putting technique, irrelevant items, or a single swing thought such as "smooth." Mean distance from hole was computed for the 10 putts in each condition. What are all the differences that must be examined?

answer

What are all the differences that must be examined? -two main effects and one interaction There are two independent variables, so there are two main effects and one interaction possible, even though one variable has three levels. How many cells was each golfer in? -6

question

After reading a report by Rockoff (2010), Yingying is studying the effects of others present and their roles on the rate of gambling bets using a simulated slot machine. Her levels of others present are one, two, or six. Her levels of roles are gamblers and observers. She constructs a 2 × 3 table of her results of average time between bets. There are two rows for the roles and three columns for the others present. The values in the first row are 10, 20, and 20 and in the second row are 20, 10, and 10. Describe her results.

answer

main effect of role, no effect of others present, and an interaction

question

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. How many cells are there in this study?

answer

8

question

What are the two main reasons to use factorial designs?

answer

to test limits and to test theories

question

A recent study (Koordeman et al., 2011), conducted in the Netherlands, on the effects of commercials for alcohol or alcohol consumption in the movie theater, found that young adults who consume large amounts of alcohol each week are influenced by the commercials, whereas young adults who consume small amounts of alcohol each week were not influenced. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their drinking habits. What type of design is this?

answer

-independent-groups factorial

question

When authors of a research article are describing just the results of a factorial study, which of these terms would you not expect to see?

answer

"Correlation" is not a term used in describing the results of a strictly factorial study, though it may be used within the same article.

question

Which of the following would not be a cue that the study was a factorial design in a popular press article?

answer

reference to a peer-reviewed journalq

question

A recent study (Koordeman et al., 2011), conducted in the Netherlands, on the effects of commercials for alcohol or alcohol consumption in the movie theater, found that young adults who consume large amounts of alcohol each week are influenced by the commercials, whereas young adults who consume small amounts of alcohol each week were not influenced. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their drinking habits. What is a factor in this study?

answer

type of commercial shown

question

To achieve a goal of 20 observations per cell in a 2 × 2 × 3 mixed experiment with the first two factors run within groups and the last factor run between groups, what would be the number of participants needed?

answer

- 60 If this was just a 2 × 2 within-groups design, it would need just 20 participants. Adding the third between groups factor makes 60 necessary: 20 for each level.

question

Gucciardi and Dimmock (2008) reported on an experiment on choking under pressure in skilled golfers. They varied anxiety level and putting condition in a 2 × 3 within-group design. Anxiety level (low or high) was varied with a competition with financial compensation being introduced following the low anxiety-level performance. The putting conditions were thinking of cue words about putting technique, thinking of irrelevant cue words, and thinking about a single swing thought such as "smooth." Mean distance from hole was computed for the 10 putts in each condition. What is the dependent variable?

answer

mean distance from hole

question

In a factorial experiment, which is the most important effect?

answer

the interaction

question

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. A main effect of price and a main effect of picture were found. It was found that the picture had a greater impact on tastiness/expensiveness judgments in self than in classmate. What type of interaction does this describe?

answer

a two-way interaction between picture and consumer -This means that in looking at the tastiness/expensiveness ratings for self, there is a larger difference between the attractive and unattractive ratings than there is in those ratings for classmate.

question

What differences need to be investigated when a three-way design is used?

answer

-three main effects, three two-way interactions, and a three-way interaction

question

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. A main effect of price and a main effect of picture were found. It was found that the impact of price on tastiness/expensiveness judgments was weaker in the self than in the classmate. What type of interaction does this describe?

answer

a two-way interaction between price and consumer -This means that in looking at the tastiness/expensiveness ratings for self, there is a smaller difference between the inexpensive and expensive ratings than there is in those ratings for classmate.

question

After reading a report by Rockoff (2010), Yingying is studying the effects of others present and their roles on the rate of gambling bets using a simulated slot machine. Her levels of others present are one, two, or six. Her levels of roles are gamblers and observers. She constructs a 2 × 3 table of her results of average time between bets. There are two rows for the roles and three columns for the others present. The values in the first row are 10, 15, and 20 and in the second row are 20, 15, and 10. Describe her results.

answer

no effect of role, no effect of others present, and an interaction -The marginal means are the same for both factors and there are differences in the differences in each column.

question

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. What is the dependent variable?

answer

tastiness and expensiveness

question

How many independent variables and how many cells are there in a 2 × 3 × 4 study?

answer

3 independent variables, 24 cells

question

A recent study (Koordeman et al., 2011), conducted in the Netherlands, on the effects of commercials for alcohol or alcohol consumption in the movie theater, found that young adults who consume large amounts of alcohol each week are influenced by the commercials, whereas young adults who consume small amounts of alcohol each week were not influenced. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their drinking habits. What is a participant variable in this study?

answer

amount of alcohol consumed by the young adult during the week -The weekly alcohol consumption of the participant was selected, not manipulated.

question

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. Which variable is a participant variable?

answer

consumer price picture all of them are manipulated <<<

question

What is it called when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of the other independent variable?

answer

interaction

question

Gucciardi and Dimmock (2008) reported on an experiment on choking under pressure in skilled golfers. They varied anxiety level and putting condition in a 2 × 3 within-group design. Anxiety level (low or high) was varied with a competition being introduced following the low-anxiety trials. The putting conditions were thinking of cue words about either putting technique, irrelevant items, or a single swing thought such as "smooth." Mean distance from hole was computed for the 10 putts in each condition. High anxiety increased distance in the technique condition but not in the other two conditions. What does this describe?

answer

a two-way interaction between anxiety and condition -This wording suggests that the dependent variable was changed by the anxiety manipulation in the technique condition, but not in the other conditions.

question

After reading a report by Rockoff (2010), Yingying is studying the effects of others present and their roles on the rate of gambling bets using a simulated slot machine. Her levels of others present are one, two, or six. Her levels of roles are gamblers and observers. She constructs a 2 × 3 table of her results of average time between bets. There are two rows for the roles and three columns for the others present. The values in the first row are 15, 15, and 15 and in the second row are 20, 15, and 10. Describe her results.

answer

no effect of role, main effect of others present, and interaction -Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent Variable—The marginal means differ for both factors and there are differences in the differences in each column.

question

Gucciardi and Dimmock (2008) reported on an experiment on choking under pressure in skilled golfers. They varied anxiety level and putting condition in a 2 × 3 within-group design. Anxiety level (low or high) was varied with a competition being introduced following the low-anxiety trials. The putting conditions were thinking of cue words about either putting technique or irrelevant items, or a single swing thought such as "smooth." Mean distance from hole was computed for the 10 putts in each condition. The main effect for anxiety was not significant. What does this mean about the marginal means?

answer

The marginal means for the two anxiety conditions are not significantly different. -Marginal means are used to inspect the main effects, and in the case of a not significant main effect of anxiety, they are very close to each other.

question

A recent study (Koordeman et al., 2011), conducted in the Netherlands, on the effects of commercials for alcohol or alcohol consumption in the movie theater, found that young adults who consume large amounts of alcohol each week are influenced by the commercials, whereas young adults who consume small amounts of alcohol each week were not influenced. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their drinking habits. What is a participant variable in this study?

answer

amount of alcohol consumed by the young adult during the week

question

After reading a report by Rockoff (2010), Yingying is studying the effects of others present and their roles on the rate of gambling bets using a simulated slot machine. Her levels of others present are one, two, or six. Her levels of roles are gamblers and observers. She constructs a 2 × 3 table of her results of average time between bets. There are two rows for the roles and three columns for the others present. The values in the first row are 15, 15, and 15 and in the second row are 20, 15, and 10. Describe her results.

answer

no effect of role, main effect of others present, and interaction

question

A recent study (Koordeman et al., 2011), conducted in the Netherlands, on the effects of commercials for alcohol or alcohol consumption in the movie theater, found that young adults who consume large amounts of alcohol each week are influenced by the commercials, whereas young adults who consume small amounts of alcohol each week were not influenced. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their drinking habits. What is a factor in this study?

answer

type of commercial shown

question

Gucciardi and Dimmock (2008) reported on an experiment on choking under pressure in skilled golfers. They varied anxiety level and putting condition in a 2 × 3 within-group design. Anxiety level (low or high) was varied with a competition being introduced following the low-anxiety trials. The putting conditions were thinking of cue words about either putting technique or irrelevant items, or a single swing thought such as "smooth." Mean distance from hole was computed for the 10 putts in each condition. The main effect for anxiety was not significant. What does this mean about the marginal means?

answer

The marginal means for the two anxiety conditions are not significantly different.

question

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. What is the dependent variable?

answer

tastiness and expensiveness

question

After reading a report by Rockoff (2010), Yingying is studying the effects of others present and their roles on the rate of gambling bets using a simulated slot machine. Her levels of others present are one, two, or six. Her levels of roles are gamblers and observers. She constructs a 2 × 3 table of her results of average time between bets. There are two rows for the roles and three columns for the others present. The values in the first row are 10, 20, and 20 and in the second row are 20, 10, and 10. Describe her results.

answer

main effect of role, no effect of others present, and an interaction

question

What are the two main reasons to use factorial designs?

answer

to test limits and to test theories

question

In a factorial experiment, which is the most important effect?

answer

an interaction

question

Which of the following would not be a cue that the study was a factorial design in a popular press article?

answer

reference to a peer-reviewed journal

question

A recent study (Koordeman et al., 2011), conducted in the Netherlands, on the effects of commercials for alcohol or alcohol consumption in the movie theater, found that young adults who consume large amounts of alcohol each week are influenced by the commercials, whereas young adults who consume small amounts of alcohol each week were not influenced. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their drinking habits. What type of design is this?

answer

independent-groups factorial

question

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. A main effect of price and a main effect of picture were found. It was found that the picture had a greater impact on tastiness/expensiveness judgments in self than in classmate. What type of interaction does this describe?

answer

a two-way interaction between picture and consumer

question

After reading a report by Rockoff (2010), Yingying is studying the effects of others present and their roles on the rate of gambling bets using a simulated slot machine. Her levels of others present are one, two, or six. Her levels of roles are gamblers and observers. She constructs a 2 × 3 table of her results of average time between bets. There are two rows for the roles and three columns for the others present. The values in the first row are 10, 15, and 20 and in the second row are 20, 15, and 10. Describe her results.

answer

no effect of role, no effect of others present, and an interaction

question

What differences need to be investigated when a three-way design is used?

answer

three main effects, three two-way interactions, and a three-way interaction

question

Gucciardi and Dimmock (2008) reported on an experiment on choking under pressure in skilled golfers. They varied anxiety level and putting condition in a 2 × 3 within-group design. Anxiety level (low or high) was varied with a competition being introduced following the low-anxiety trials. The putting conditions were thinking of cue words about either putting technique, irrelevant items, or a single swing thought such as "smooth." Mean distance from hole was computed for the 10 putts in each condition. High anxiety increased distance in the technique condition but not in the other two conditions. What does this describe?

answer

a two-way interaction between anxiety and condition

question

Gucciardi and Dimmock (2008) reported on an experiment on choking under pressure in skilled golfers. They varied anxiety level and putting condition in a 2 × 3 within-group design. Anxiety level (low or high) was varied with a competition with financial compensation being introduced following the low anxiety-level performance. The putting conditions were thinking of cue words about putting technique, thinking of irrelevant cue words, and thinking about a single swing thought such as "smooth." Mean distance from hole was computed for the 10 putts in each condition. How many cells was each golfer in?

answer

6

question

When authors of a research article are describing just the results of a factorial study, which of these terms would you not expect to see?

answer

correlation

question

To achieve a goal of 20 observations per cell in a 2 × 2 × 3 mixed experiment with the first two factors run within groups and the last factor run between groups, what would be the number of participants needed?

answer

60

question

How many independent variables and how many cells are there in a 2 × 3 × 4 study?

answer

3 independent variables, 24 cells

question

Gucciardi and Dimmock (2008) reported on an experiment on choking under pressure in skilled golfers. They varied anxiety level and putting condition in a 2 × 3 within-group design. Anxiety level (low or high) was varied with a competition being introduced following the low-anxiety trials. The putting conditions were thinking of cue words about either putting technique, irrelevant items, or a single swing thought such as "smooth." Mean distance from hole was computed for the 10 putts in each condition. What are all the differences that must be examined?

answer

two main effects and one interaction

question

Which of the following is a participant variable?

answer

all of the above

question

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. How many cells are there in this study?

answer

8

question

Gucciardi and Dimmock (2008) reported on an experiment on choking under pressure in skilled golfers. They varied anxiety level and putting condition in a 2 × 3 within-group design. Anxiety level (low or high) was varied with a competition with financial compensation being introduced following the low anxiety-level performance. The putting conditions were thinking of cue words about putting technique, thinking of irrelevant cue words, and thinking about a single swing thought such as "smooth." Mean distance from hole was computed for the 10 putts in each condition. What is the dependent variable?

answer

mean distance from hole

question

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. A main effect of price and a main effect of picture were found. It was found that the impact of price on tastiness/expensiveness judgments was weaker in the self than in the classmate. What type of interaction does this describe?

answer

a two-way interaction between price and consumer

question

What is it called when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of the other independent variable?

answer

interaction

question

Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and expensiveness of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. Which variable is a participant variable?

answer

all of them are manipulated

question

interaction effect

answer

a result from a factorial design, in which the difference in the levels of one independent variable changes, depending on the level of the other independent variable; a difference in differences.

question

factorial design

answer

A study in which there are two or more independent variables, or factors.

question

cell

answer

a condition in an experiment; in a simple experiment, it can represent the level of one independent variable; in a factorial design, it represents one of the possible combinations of two independent variables.

question

participant variable

answer

a variable such as age, gender, or ethnicity whose levels are selected (i.e., measured), not manipulated.

question

main effect

answer

In a factorial design, the overall effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, averaging over the levels of the other independent variable.

question

marginal means

answer

In a factorial design, the arithmetic means for each level of an independent variable, averaging over the levels of another independent variable.

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