Ch 11 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| nonproteobacteria Gram negative |
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| -photosynthetic gram - bacteria -cyanobacteria |
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| cyanobacteria |
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| -blue green pigmentation -photosynthesis -many can fix nitrogen to ammonium in heterocysts (cells impermeable to O2) -some adjust buoyancy using gas vacuoles -eukaryotic chloroplasts evolved from them |
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| Gram positive bacteria |
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| -aerobes, facultative, and anaerobes -2 phyla -Firmicutes (low GC) -Actinobacteria (high GC) |
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| Firmicutes characteristics |
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| -low GC -spore forming bacteria -medically relevant bacteria -bacteria important in the industry |
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| Firmicutes types |
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| -Clostridium -Bacillus -Staphlococcus -Lactobacillus -Streptococcus -Enterococcus -Listeria -Mycoplasma |
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| Clostridium |
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| -rod shaped obligate anaerobes -forms spores that distort the cell |
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| C. botulinum |
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| -botulism -1 micro gram of uncooked bean could be fatal -boiling denatures -botox also |
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| C. tetani |
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| -causes tetnus -spores get in body through wounds, blocks neurotransmitter -spasms |
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| C. perfringens |
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| -responsible for gas gangrene and foodborne diarrhea |
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| C. difficile |
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| -human intestinal normal flora -causes diarrhea and other intestinal disease when competing bacteria are wiped out by anitbiotics |
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| Bacillus |
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| -facultative anaerobes that form endospores -ubiquitous |
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| B. anthracis |
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| -anthrax -only bacterium with a protein capsule -produces toxin |
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| B. cereus |
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| -causes foodborne illness -produces toxin |
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| B. thuringiensis |
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| -biocontrol against a variety of insect pests -crystal is toxic to insect -pH activates in intestine, swells, and lysis |
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| Staphlococcus |
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| -facultative anaerobes -grow well in high osmotic pressure and low moisture -natural inhabitants of nose and skin |
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| S. aureus |
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| -common cause of food poisoning -infects surgical wounds -toxin responsible for toxin shock syndrome -quickly develops resistance (MRSA) |
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| S. epidermidis |
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| natural inhabitant of the skin |
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| Lactobacillus |
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| -facultative anaerobes -convert lactose to lactic acid -present in human vaginal and gastrointestinal tract -some used for yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, wine |
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| L. casei and L. brevis |
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| -most common beer spoilage organisms |
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| streptococcus |
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| -part of normal flora of mouth, skin, intestine, and upper respiratory tract |
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| S pyogenes |
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| -strep throat -endocartitis (heart inflammation) -necrotizing faciititis (flesh eating disease) -beta hemolytic |
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| S. pneumoniae |
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| -meningitis |
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| S. mutans |
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| dental caries (tooth decay) |
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| S. agalactiae |
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| neonatal sepsis(blood infection) beta hemolytic |
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| S. thermophilus |
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| -some cheeses and yogurts |
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| beta hemolytic streptococci |
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| -produce hemolysin to lyse RBC |
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| non beta hemolytic streptococci |
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| -gamma-no color -alpha- green (H2O2) |
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| Enterococcus |
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| -found in gastrointestinal tract, vagina and oral cavity -large numbers in human stool -leading cause of nosocomial(hospital) infections |
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| E. faecalis and E. faecium |
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| -infections of surgical wounds and urinary tract |
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| Listeria |
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| -contaminate food especially dairy |
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| L. monocytogenes |
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| -cryophile (likes cold) -can survive in phagocytic cells -can cause still birth or damage to fetus |
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| Mycoplasma |
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| -smallest organism that can independently grow on a cell free medium -only prokaryotes that lack cell wall and contain sterols -highly pleomorphic -chronic diseases -fibromyalgia syndrome, gulf war syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis |
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| Actinobacteria |
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| -high GC -include pleomorphic -important pathogens -filamentous bacteria |
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| Types of Actinobacteria (9) |
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| -Mycobacterium -Corynebacterium -Propionibacterium -Actinomyces -Streptomyces |
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| mycobacterium |
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| -do not retain crystal violet -acid fast G+ (no outer membrane) -thick cell wall of mycolic acids -very slow growth |
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| M. tuberculosis |
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| -tuberculosis |
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| M. leprae |
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| leprosy |
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| Corynebacterium |
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| C. diphteriae causes diphteria |
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| Propionibacterium |
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| -swiss cheese and acne |
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| P. freudenreichii |
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| swiss cheese |
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| Actinomyces |
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| -thermophiles found in throat and mouth of humans -can form branched filamaents -number of enzymes that degrade plant organic material -many are opportunistic pathogens of humans in oral cavity -can cause abcesses in mouth, lung, intestine -farmers lung |
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| streptomyces |
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| -very abundant in soil -reproduce through asexual spores -distinct earthy odor from production of geosmin -produce many commercial antibiotics |
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| Planctomycetes |
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| -Gram negative -aquatic -budding -no peptidoglycan -Gemmata obscuriglobus has a double membrane around its DNA |
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| Chlamidiae |
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| -small coccoid bacteria -no peptidoglycan in cell wall -obligate intracellular paracites of vertebrates unable to make own ATP -unique pattern of replication -most common STD -4 million in US each yr -humans are only natural host -leading causes of female infertility |
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| C. trachomatis |
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| -major infectious cause of human eye (may lead to blindness – trachoma) and genital disease |
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| Spirochetes |
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| -coiled -move by axial filaments -many found in human oral cavity -some found on protazoa in termites |
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| Spirochete types |
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| -Treponema -Borrelia -Leptospira |
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| Treponema |
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| -Many pathogens -T. pallidum causes syphilis (sexual contact or through placenta) |
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| Borrelia |
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| lyme disease (tick/lice) |
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| Leptospira |
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| -excreted in the urine of dogs,rates, swine -part of domestic cats and dogs vaccination |
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| Bacteriodetes types |
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| -Bacteroides -Prevotella |
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| -Bacteroides |
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| -anaerobes -human intestine -gingival crevice and deep tissue infections |
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| Prevotella |
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| -periodontal and tooth problems |
