Ch 10, rogers - Flashcards

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Abraham Maslow was associated with ____ psychology

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humanistic

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Maslow believed that psychologists should study

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the strengths and virtues where human natures is at its best

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Maslow insisted on psychology that emphasized

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human strengths, free-will, and the fulfillment of human potential

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Maslow's approach to personality is based on the idea that

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people are capable of displaying better behavior than prejudice, hatred, and aggression

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs are considered instinctoid, which are based on

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needs for safety, belongingness, and love

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According to Maslow, hungry people are not preoccupied with the need of self-actualization until they _____needs

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physiological

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The key idea in Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that

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lower needs have to be satisfied before higher needs become influential

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A fully functioning person feels a(n)

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ability to live richly and creatively in the moment

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Belongingness and esteem needs arise in

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adolescence

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Higher needs are

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All of the answers -weaker than lower -active late in life -less necessary

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Maslow called the higher (meta) needs

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growth or being needs

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Lower needs are

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All of the answers -stronger -called -more

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All of the following are physiological needs except

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the need for relationships

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The need for safety is most important in

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infants and neurotic adults

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People whose safety needs are unsatisfied prefer

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stability and structure

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Maslow believed that the belongingness and love needs

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involves the need bot to give and receive love

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By self-actualization, Maslow meant

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fulfillment of our unique potential, talents, and abilities

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A prerequisite for self-actualization is

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All of the answers -realistic knowledge -freedom from constraints -feeling of security

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concerning cognitive needs, studies have been shown that emotionally healthy adults

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are motivated to improve their knowledge about unexplained events

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In Maslow's view, human behavior is

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determined by innate needs and situational variables

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In metamotivation, a person

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is said to be developing from within

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According to Maslow, truly self-actualized people constitute for ___ of the population

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less than 1%

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Maslow called moments of intense ecstasy, power, and transcendence of the self

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peak experiences

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During a peak experience, the person

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feels powerful, confident, and decisive

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A peak experience occurs when

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the self is transcended and a person feels supremely powerful

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Self-actualizers can occasionally

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All of the answers -feel doubt -be hurtful -experience conflict

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The tendency to self-actualize can be impeded by

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our doubts about our own abilities

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Maslow's personality theory grew out of his research on the characteristics of

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self-actualized persons

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Maslow's primary research method was the

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Maslow did not use these traditional research techniques

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Maslow has been criticized on the grounds that his research

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is nnot scientifically rigorous

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What was Maslow's attitude tower subjective experiences?

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it provides the experiential base for personality research

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According to Maslow, what could one do to help another person grow and develop

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enhance the attractions (benefits) of change

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In order of their salience (ability to influence us), the needs in Maslow's hierarchy are

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physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization

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According to Maslow, once a need has been met

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it may again become pre-potent, if no longer met in the future

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A wish or desire qualifies as a basic need when one or more of the following conditions are met

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All of the above -absence -presence -return

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At the highest level of the need hierarchy, people are

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no longer motivated by basic need deficiencies

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Which of the following illustrates B-motivation?

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beauty, truth, and justice

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People who are self-actualized are most likely to laugh at

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the human condition

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The need for self-esteem is ____

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a deficiency motivation

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Basic needs are

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All of the above -instinctoid -universal -deficiency -prepotent

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Carl Rogers and ____ viewed psychology as humanistic, psychoanalytic

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Abraham Maslow

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Rogers believed personality is influence primarily by

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conscious perception of ourselves and our experiential world

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According to Rogers, the best way to understand personality is through

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a person's subjective experiences

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For Rogers, the ultimate goal is to become a

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fully functioning person

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Rogers childhood was characterized by

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parents who loved him in subtle ways, but held strict religious views and emphasized moral behavior

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According to Rogers, the way we see our environment is

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dependent on our perception of it, which may not always coincide with reality

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To rogers, the only valid way to study personality is through

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examining each person's subjective perceptions

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Rogers' terms for the acceptance we need from others is

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positive regard

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According to Rogers, unconditional positive regard

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is nto dependent on the child's behavior

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Conditions of worth derive from

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internalizing parents' norms and standards

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Once infants develop conditions of worth, they

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must avoid certain behaviors that otherwise might be personally satisfying

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Our level of psychological adjustment and emotional health is a function of the extent for which our

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self is congruent with our environment

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Carl Rogers' fully functioning person would

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All of the answers

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All of the following are characteristics of a fully functioning person except

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achievement of as much wealth and power as one's potential allows

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In Rogers' theory of human nature

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one aspect of personality... predispositional

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Rogers believed that personality should be

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Three long words

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Rogers said it was difficult for a therapist to know a client's experiential world completely, because

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all of the answers

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In Rogers' approach to therapy, the therapist provides

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unconditional positive regard

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The only predetermined belief of the person-centered therapist is

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the client's inherent value and worth

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With regard to experiemtnal research, Rogers

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preferred to have a clearer view of a person's experiential world

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The technique in which a person arranges statements about the self-concept into categories is called

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a Q-sort

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Rogers believed that the essence of human nature is

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an innate drive for actualization

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Research using the Q sort provides

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impressive evidence for the effectiveness of person-centered therapy

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The self-reports, children whose parents used conditional regard

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showed poor coping skills, fluctuating levels of self-esteem and low self worth

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Parents who accepted their children unconditionally and displayed democratic child rearing practices

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had children with higher self-esteem and greater emotional security

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To say that Maslow and Rogers were existential is to recognize that they emphasized

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choice making and responsibility

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To say that Rogers took a phenomenological approach recognize that he emphasized

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understanding the point of view of the client

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Rogers regarded the fundamental motivation to be

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the actualizing tendency

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If a person is highly incongruent

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the real self and ideal self are in conflict

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To say that Maslow and Rogers were existential is to recognize that they emphasized

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choice making and responsibility

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Rogers' term for acceptance we need from others is

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positive regard

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Our level of psychological adjustment is a function of the extent to which

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self is contingent with environment

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Differentiation of self ....

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All of the above

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Rogers term for understanding others as they see themselves is

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empathy

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At an intrapsychic level, differentiation refers to the ability to distinguish between

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intellect and emotion

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Highly differentiated individuals are thought to

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demonstrate better psychological adjustment

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Highly differentiated individuals are thought to

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remain in satisfying contact with families of origin

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People who are highly differentiated tend to also be

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emotionally regulated

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Those who have "satisfaction with life" tend to

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All of the above

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A peak experience occurs when

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the self is transcend and a person feels supremely able and at peace

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rogers contributions: a system of thought in which human interests and values are of primary importance

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humanistic psychology

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rogers contributions: -theory developed from therapeutic approach, ________ therapy -person direct change; therapist facilitates -emphasis on the ____ and _____ - a single, inborn overriding motivation to actualize (develop our abilities and tendencies to become a fully functioning person)

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person-centered conscious & present

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rogers parents were ____, _____ and forced their moral view, suppression of emotional displays, and the virtue of hard work on him

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strict & religious

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these two things depended on rogers view of the world and he lived a ____ life and was fascinated with science

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solitude & reading rural

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-rogers studied ____ at the University of Wisconsin for one year then switched majors - swung to ___ views which was stressful

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agriculture liberal

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-rogers original studies were ___ then child study on ____ children -he worked to bring ____ psych to the mainstream, his inability to help clients led to stress, illness and seclusion but he had clinical experience with college students which distinguished his career

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ministry underprivileged clinical

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surprised/dismissive that self-insight is a more powerful predictor than family environment; later accepted

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the self & tendency toward actualization

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basic human motivation to actualize, maintain, and enhance the self; not automatic or effortless (process involved difficult growth)

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actualization tendency

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process of judging based on value for actualization and growth

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organismic valuing process

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this of an individual provides the frame of reference or context that influences growth

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experiential world

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only reliable reality is our subjective experience and inner perception of reality -our experiences become the only basis of our judgements and behaviors

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phenomonology

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acceptance, love and approval from others (universal and persistent need)

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positive regard

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approval regardless of ones behavior

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unconditional positive regard

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condition under which we grant ourselves acceptance and approval

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positive self-regard

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only worth of approval for desirable behaviors and attitudes (similar to freuds superego)

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conditions of worth

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approval, acceptance only when person exhibits desirable behaviors (this means that sometimes children will avoid behaviors that otherwise might be personally satisfying)

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conditional positive regard

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discrepancy between self-concept and experience

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incongruence

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compatibility between self-concept and experiences

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psychological adjustment

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desired result of psychological development (aware of all experience, live richly & fully in ever moment, trust in own organism, feel free to make choices, are creative & live constructively, may face difficulties)

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fully functioning person

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questions about human nature: -focus on ___ __ and ___ - ____ influences -childhood has some impact, but later experiences have more impact -opportunity for uniqueness -____ : people are able to improve themselves - experience world openly; ___ outlook

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free choice & present environmental optimistic progressive

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approach to therapy in which the client is assumed to be responsible for changing; focus on subjective experience

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person-centered therapy

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group therapy for learning about feelings and relating to one another (others developed tests of experience)

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encounter groups

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research on rogers theory: - first to ___ therapy sessions for research - ___ technique: self-report technique for assessing self-concept - discrepancy between perceived self and ideal self decreases with therapy - parent use of conditional regard - more ___ problems - ___ defense shown by poorly adjusted people

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film q-sort child perceptual

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research on rogers theory: parents who use unconditional positive regard -children with higher self-esteem and ___ ___ and adolescents more confident and ____

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emotional security hopeful

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research on rogers theory: -some evidence for ___ ___ process, positive self regard more prevalent in individualistic cultures than collectivist -person with great discrepancy between ______ selves rated by others as awkward, confused and unfriendly

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organismic valuing perceived/ideal

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reflections on rogers theory: -lack of ___ of mechanisms -criticized for influences outside of persons perspectives -________ therapy became popular; highly accessible -core concepts accepted by other orientations -emphasis on ______ widely recognized

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clarification person-centered self-concept

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rogers believed personality is influenced primarily by

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conscious rational factors

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we can see origins of Rogers personality in his childhood experience of

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living by someone elses view of the world rather than his own

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rogers clinical experience while in academia was mostly with

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young intelligence, highly verbal college students

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rogers research on delinquent children showed that

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self-insight was the best predictor of later behavior

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rogers believed that the tendency to actualize is

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innate

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the purpose of what rogers called the organismic valuing process is to

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evaluate life experiences by how well they serve actualization

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according to rogers, the way we see our environment is

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highly subjective

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rogers believed that the experiential world is

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unique to each individual

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rogers term for the acceptance we need from others is

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positive regard

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according to rogers, unconditional positive regard

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is not dependent on the childs behavior

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the old warning, "of course mommy loves you...when you're good!" is an example of

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conditional positive

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once infants develop conditions of worth, they

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must avoid certain behaviors

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what is not a characteristic of the fully functioning person

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unconditional positive regard

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which term best characterizes the self-actualizing person

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enriched

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rogers believed that childhood experiences are

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less important than later experiences

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in rogers approach to therapy, the therapist provides

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unconditional positive regard

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what method did rogers use to assess personality?

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clinical interviews

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the technique in which a person arranges statements about the self-concept into categories is called

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q-short

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why are so many people unhappy? rogers says it is because

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we have both a real self and an ideal self, and they are often in conflict

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rogers believed our rational beings are ruled by a ___ perception of our selves and our experiential world

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conscious

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