Ch. 1 – Salvo – History & Evolution of Massage Therapy – Flashcards

Stretching movements done by the patient alone (e.g., exercise)

French military surgeon (c. 1510-1590). He invented several surgical instruments, and was among the earliest modern physicians to discuss the therapeutic effects of massage, especially in orthopedic surgery cases. He also classified various types of massage movements.

Original massage technique in China; precursor to all other therapies, manual and energetic.

The Flemish physician (1514-1564) that established the foundations of modern human anatomy in the West during this time. His De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body, 1543) is considered one of the most important studies in the history of medicine.

Civil War surgeon (1826-1917), who, horrified by the brutality of battlefield medicine, developed practices aimed at optimizing health by helping to develop cranial osteopathy.

Founder of a group of Greek physicians residing in Rome, known as the Methodists. This group supported a simplistic view of healing and restricted their treatments to bathing, diet, massage, and a few drugs. Among his many contributions to Roman medicine was a treatise on friction (massage) and exercise.

The concept of health and medicine in the West began to take shape during the seventh and sixth centuries BC. During that time, the legendary Greek physician Æsculapius (Asclepius) evolved into a god who was responsible for the emerging medical profession. His holy snake and staff still remain the symbol of the medical profession. In Greece, around 500 BC, various ideas of healing and treatments were merged into a techne iatriche, or healing science.

who is regarded by many researchers to be the first important medical historian. His De Medicina is an outstanding account of Roman medicine, and it bridges the gap between his times and those of Hippocrates.

Persian physician Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn-Sina (AD 980 to 1037), generally known as Avicenna. He authored numerous medical books that remained standard textbooks until the seventeenth century. Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine was an especially famous medical text, one that compiled the theoretical and practical medical knowledge of the time. The work illustrates tremendous influence of Galen on the medical knowledge of this era; the text makes numerous references to the use of massage.

Science of health and medicine designed to maintain or improve health through measures such as dietary modification, massage, yoga, use of herbal preparations.

A generic term used to describe any therapeutic or personal self-development practice that may include massage, healing touch, movement, or energetic work.

One of two brothers (Drs. George Henry Taylor and Charles Fayette Taylor) that introduced the Swedish movement system in the United States in 1856. The Taylors had studied the techniques in Europe and returned to the United States, where they opened an orthopedic practice with a specialization in the Swedish Movements. The two physicians published many important works on Ling’s system.

A third prominent American follower of the Swedish movement system was Douglas O. Graham. Not only was Dr. Graham a practitioner of the system, but from 1874 to 1925, he also authored several works on the history of massage, including A Treatise on Massage, Its History, Mode of Application and Effects (1902) which is one of the books generally credited with arousing interest by the U.S. medical profession in the benefits of massage.

Those performed by the patient with the cooperation of the therapist (e.g., active assistive movements).

A later follower of Hippocratic medicine was Galen of Pergamon (c. AD 130 to 200). Galen was a Roman physician who studied medicine in Alexandria (Egypt) and became the personal physician to the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius. In at least 100 treatises, Galen combined and unified Greek knowledge of anatomy and medicine; his system continued to dominate medicine throughout the Middle Ages and until relatively recent times. Among his many works, Galen’s De Sanitate Tuenda considers exercise, the use of baths, and massage.

One of two brothers (Drs. George Henry Taylor and Charles Fayette Taylor) that introduced the Swedish movement system in the United States in 1856. The Taylors had studied the techniques in Europe and returned to the United States, where they opened an orthopedic practice with a specialization in the Swedish Movements. The two physicians published many important works on Ling’s system. George Taylor wrote the first American textbook on the subject in 1860 entitled An Exposition of the Swedish Movement Cure.

(1608-1679) carried out extensive anatomic dissections and had analyzed the phenomenon of muscular contraction in Italy.

Notable Renaissance physicians were Girolamo Mercuriale (1530-1606). Mercuriale spent several years in Rome examining manuscripts of ancient writers. His extensive knowledge of the attitudes of the Greeks and Romans toward diet, exercise, and their effects on health and disease is evident in De Arte Gymnastica (The Art of Gymnastics, 1569), considered to be the first book in the field of sports medicine. This book compiled history of gymnastics up to that time, synthesizing all that had been written on the use of exercise (for both the purpose of health and the treatment of disease).

A prominent figure in the United States, who in 1883 opened the Swedish Health Institute for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases by Swedish Movements and Massage (Washington, D.C.). This is considered the first massage school in the United States. In 1888 Nissen presented the paper Swedish Movement and Massage, which was subsequently published in several medical journals. The result of publication was numerous letters from physicians who wanted to know more about Ling’s system, and this inquiry led him to publish Swedish Movement and Massage Treatment in that same year.

In Greece, around 500 BC, various ideas of healing and treatments were merged into a techne iatriche, or healing science. During this process, two individuals, Iccus and Herodicus, concerned themselves with exercise and the use of gymnastics.

(460 to 375 BC). With his emphasis on the individual patient and his belief that the healer should take care to avoid causing any additional harm to the patient, Hippocrates is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine. Although we know little about him, Hippocrates is reputed to have been a fine clinician, a founder of a medical school, and the author of numerous books, although most of the works attributed to him were written by other members of the hippocratic school. These works are collectively known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, which summarized much of what was known about disease and medicine in the ancient world. During the four centuries after the development of the techne iatriche, several debates occurred within the healing profession, one of which placed great stock in the value of massage.

Unlawful trade of people; modern-day slavery.

In Greece, around 500 BC, various ideas of healing and treatments were merged into a techne iatriche, or healing science. During this process, two individuals, Iccus and Herodicus, concerned themselves with exercise and the use of gymnastics.

Ida Rolf (1898-1979) in particular, influenced the teachings at Esalen Institute, which in turn, shaped the way America views massage. Her method, Rolfing, or structural integration, is one of the influential styles of body therapy with roots at Esalen. Although Ida Rolf did not have a background in massage therapy, she did have background in biologic sciences (receiving her PhD in organic chemistry from Colombia University), in Eastern and esoteric practices like yoga, and in the American tradition of osteopathic manipulation, having worked for some time as an understudy and secretary to William Garner Sutherland (1873-1954), a key figure in the development of the cranial osteopathy. Rolf’s teachings brought together the long-running osteopathic teachings with the awareness and personal development focus at Esalen.

Dutch physician Johann Mezger (1838-1909). Mezger is responsible for making massage a fundamental component of physical rehabilitation. The French language was the international language of the nineteenth century and Mezger is credited with introducing the still-used French terminology to describe massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage, tapotement).

(1852-1943) of Battle Creek, Michigan. He wrote numerous articles and books on massage and published Good Health, a magazine that targeted the general public (Figure 1-4). Some books Kellogg wrote, such as the Art of Massage: A Practical Manual for the Nurse, the Student and the Practitioner, were not published until after he died in 1943. Efforts by men such as Kellogg helped popularize massage in the United States.

Ling developed his own system of medical (or Swedish) gymnastics and exercise, known as the Ling System, Swedish Movements, or Swedish Movement Cure. The primary focus of Ling’s work was on gymnastics or movements applied to the treatment of disease and injury.

Soft tissue manipulation. The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew word mashesh, the Greek roots masso and massin, the Latin root massa, the Arabic root mass’h, the Sanskrit word makeh, and the French word masser.

Person who uses specific techniques to assist a client in fulfilling his or her therapeutic goals. These goals are established through an intake process followed by proper and efficient treatment planning. Examples of client therapeutic goals are relaxation and stress reduction, injury rehabilitation, management of symptoms during a long-term illness, and enhancing personal growth.

Scientifically-based manual manipulation of soft tissues of body for purpose of establishing and maintaining good health and promoting wellness; therapist uses specific techniques to assist a client in fulfilling his or her therapeutic goals; goals are established through an intake process followed by proper and efficient treatment planning; examples of client therapeutic goals are relaxation and stress reduction, injury rehabilitation, management of symptoms during a long-term illness, and enhancing personal growth.

A group of Greek physicians residing in Rome, known as the Methodists, supported a simplistic view of healing and restricted their treatments to bathing, diet, massage, and a few drugs. The founder of this school of thought was Asclepiades.

In 1316, Mondino dei Luzzi wrote Anothomia, the first modern treatise on anatomy.

Classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine, the Huang-ti nei-ching. Although the exact date of the original writing of the work is unknown, it was already in its present form by approximately the first century BC. The work, commonly known as Nei Ching, contains descriptions of healing touch procedures, herbal medicines, acupuncture, and their uses.

The Swiss physician Philippus von Hohenheim (1493-1541), better known as Paracelsus, laid the foundations of chemical pharmacology, as opposed to herbal remedies.

Movements of the patient performed by the therapist (e.g., stretching, joint mobilizations).

(1776-1839), a Swedish physiologist and gymnastics instructor. Pehr Henrik Ling was born in Småland, one of the southern provinces of Sweden. After being expelled from school for disciplinary problems, Ling traveled through Europe and eventually returned to Sweden, where he learned fencing. In 1804, he accepted a post at the University of Lund, where he taught fencing and gymnastics. At the same time, he studied anatomy and physiology. While teaching fencing techniques, he noted that the movements he often wanted his pupils to make were hindered by motions that the student had learned from habit. Ling therefore resolved to teach the movements of the body in a systematic manner. For Ling, this training was important for military concerns, because he viewed fencing as an important part of gymnastics. He felt that soldiers could be taught to use weapons and move muscles in ways that were new to them. Through his experiences at the University of Lund and the Swedish Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics, Ling developed his own system of medical (or Swedish) gymnastics and exercise, known as the Ling System, Swedish Movements, or Swedish Movement Cure. The primary focus of Ling’s work was on gymnastics or movements applied to the treatment of disease and injury. Massage was viewed as a component of Ling’s overall system. He blended massage with physiology, which was just emerging as a science. Shortly thereafter, the term Swedish massage was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system. For this reason, Ling is often regarded as the father of Swedish massage. While he did not invent massage, he is credited with helping develop it into a formal treatment modality.

Swedish Movement Cure is the system eventually led to the development of physical therapy as a profession. In the early years, massage was a major component of physical therapy. In later years, physical therapy and massage therapy diverged into two separate professions.

(c. 1250-1550) was an exciting period in the history of medicine and medical treatments. The word renaissance means rebirth.

After the expansion of the Islamic world in the seventh and eighth centuries AD, a comprehensive body of Greco-Roman medical doctrine was adopted and was combined with extensive Persian and Hindu medical knowledge. One such example of this synthesis of knowledge was an encyclopedic work the Kitabu’l Hawi Fi’t-Tibb, The Comprehensive Book of Medicine, by the Persian physician Rhazes (Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi) (c. AD 850 to 932), which discussed Greek, Roman, and Arabic medical practices, including massage.

Type of Japanese bodywork that uses pressure on skin along energy pathways called channels to restore, maintain, or balance flow of energy throughout body-mind-spirit.

(1728-1797) published several works on gymnastic exercises that recommended massage for various diseases and gave indications for its use.

Ling developed his own system of medical (or Swedish) gymnastics and exercise, known as the Ling System, Swedish Movements, or Swedish Movement Cure. The primary focus of Ling’s work was on gymnastics or movements applied to the treatment of disease and injury.

According to Ling, Swedish gymnastics is a therapeutic system by which we—by means of influencing movement—overcome discomfort that has arisen through abnormal conditions. Ling’s system consists of three primary movements: active, passive, and duplicated.

Healing science

Prominent English physician (c. 1551-1615) who felt it a necessity to compile complete clinical descriptions of disease, generally at bedsides, and to develop specific remedies for each specific disease.

(c. 1551-1615) Bright’s first work (c. 1584) was divided into two parts, Hygienina on Restoring Health and Therapeutica on Restoring Health. In these works, Bright discussed baths, exercise, and massage, and he began teaching his ideas to students at Cambridge University in Cambridge, England.

Specific points where energy concentrates and surfaces.

In England, William Harvey (1578-1657) had demonstrated that blood circulation in animals is impelled by the beat of the heart through arteries and veins. This discovery enhanced the acceptance of massage as a therapeutic measure.