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Contains chlorophyll; converts the sun's energy into plant energy through a process called photosynthesis. Only found in plant cells.

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Chloroplast

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The "control or command center"; holds the cell's DNA.

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Nucleus

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An internal delivery system; lets materials travel throughout cell. "package and shipping"

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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A thin layer that keeps cytoplasm inside the cell and lets nutrients in and wastes out, "gate keeper".

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Cell Membrane

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Where energy is made in the cell. The cell's "Power plant".

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Mitochondria

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Where proteins are made.

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Ribosomes

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This compartment stores water and other liquids. Plants have the largest."Storage tanks"

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Vacuole

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The basic unit of all life.

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Cell

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A group of cells that work together in order to accomplish a job in the body.

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Tissue

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Is a group of two or more tissues working together to accomplish a job in the body.

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Organ

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A group of organs working together to perform a job.

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Organ System

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Anything on earth that is able to live on its own.

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Organism

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A single-cell living on its own.

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Unicellular

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When an organism like humans can only exist as a group of its cells and most of our cells can only exist/survive if they remain a part of the body.

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Multicellular

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A cells chemical structures that enable it to live, grow and reproduce.

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Organelles

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Fluid 'jello-like' that surrounds the organelles and structures of a cell along with everything in it. It also can contain ribosomes.

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Cytoplasm

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Cells that do not have a nucleus.

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Prokaryotic

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Cells that have a nucleus.

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Eukaryotic

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The world's smallest cell which do not have a nucleus. They are prokaryotic cells.

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Bacteria

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An additional rigid layer outside the cell membrane which provides strength and support to the membrane. Only found in plant cells.

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Cell Wall

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Vacuoles

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Sacs that digest nutrients and release cell waste products. In plant cells vacuoles also store nutrients, and regulates water pressure in the cell.

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Nucleus

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Found in Eukaryotic cell. Nuclei have two membrances and communicates with the cytosol with their numerous nuclear pores. DNA is found in the nucleus.

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Nucleolus

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Inside the nucleus, the nucleolus produces ribosomes.

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Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

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Liquid matter found in cells where the organelles float in it. (The soup that the organelles are in.)

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Cytoplasm

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Terms for the cytosol and all the organelles floating in it.

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Centriole

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Plays a role in mitosis and meiosis- Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. Three microtubles in each group. These are both parts of the cytoskeleton. The two centrioles are arranged in a perpendicular fashion.

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Golgi bodies (or apparatus)

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Membrane-bound structure with a single membrane. It packages macromolecules for transport in the cell.

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Lysosome

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Contain powerful digestive enzymes that digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles and engulfed bacteria or viruses.

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Chloroplast

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organelle that is the site of photosynthesis

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Secretory Vesicles

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Cell secretions (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.) are packaged in these vesicles at the golgi apparatus, and then transported where needed.

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Cell Membrane

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Double layer of phospholipids (lipid bilayer) the exposed heads of the lipid bilayer are hydrophilic (water-loving) they are compatible with water inside and outside the cell. The hidden tails are the opposite (hydrophobic). The membrane acts as a protective barrier to the uncontrolled flow of water. Membrane is made complex by the numerous proteins crucial to its activity.

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Mitochondria

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Provides energy to cell to move, divide, produce secretory products, and contract. Have a double membrane the outside is smooth. Cellular respiration, makes energy. (ATP)

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Continuation of the outer nuclear membrane, responsible for production of hormones and other secretory products. Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell. Processes lipids, fats and such.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Proteins are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum's ribosomes where they are collected in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported throughout the cell, highway for cell.

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Ribosome

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Packets of RNA. They are responsible for protein synthesis.

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Cytoskeleton

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Helps maintain cell shape. Its primary importance is in cell motility. It makes the cell move internally and externally.

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Cell Wall:

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Only plant cells have this. It is a protective wall make of polysaccharides. It maintains shape of these cells and creates a protective barrier. Fluid collects in plant cell vacuole and pushes against it, this is Turgor pressure.

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Active Transport

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The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

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Centrosome

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An organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.

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Chromatin

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The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed.

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Chromosome

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Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells.

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Cilia

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Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.

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Concentration

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A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

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Concentration gradient

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A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance

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Diffusion

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Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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DNA

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A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

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Facilitated diffusion

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Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

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Hypertonic

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Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

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Hypotonic

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Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

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Isotonic

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Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

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Nuclear envelope

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A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

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Organelle

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A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

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Osmosis

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Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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Passive transport

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Movement of substances through a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy; includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

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Peroxisome

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A cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

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Ribosome

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Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

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Robert Hooke

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1665 -English scientist that cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope. To him, the cork seemed to be made up of empty little boxes, which he named cells.

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Anton Van Leewenhoek

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1673 Dutch naturalist who created a very powerful (for the time period) single lens microscope, He observed pond water. In pond scum he discovered small animals he called animalcules,or little animals (protists),and also discovered bacteria while examining scraping of crud from his teeth.

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Matthias Schleiden

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1838 German botanist who determined plants are composed of cells.

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Theodor Schwann

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German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of plant and animal tissue (1810-1882)

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Rudolph Virchow

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1858 - A doctor who stated that all living cells come from other living cells (part 3 of the cell theory)

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Eukaryotes

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Cells that contain a nucleus and are generally larger and more complex.

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Prokaryotes

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Cells that are generally smaller, simpler, and DO NOT have a nucleus.

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A prokaryotic organism

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Bacteria

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A eukaryotic organism

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Plant

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Cell Theory

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~All living things are made of cells ~Cells come from existing cells ~Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things

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Prokaryotes are _______ than eukaryotes.

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Smaller

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Eukaryotes are _______ than prokaryotes.

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More complex

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Flagella

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a slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc., to swim

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Nuclear Membrane

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A nuclear membrane, also known as the nuclear envelope, nucleolemma or karyotheca, is the double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.

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Plastid

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any of a class of small organelles, such as chloroplasts, in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food.

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