CCJ 3011 Criminology Chapter 2 – Flashcards
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What was the Enlightenment movement based on?
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The idea of rational thought and the application of reasoned scientific principles.
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Within criminology, Enlightenment led to the development of the Classical School of criminological thought. How was crime and deviance explained prior to the enlightenment?
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..."The devil made me do it"
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Which school of thought became the first modern approach to making sense of crime and criminal behavior?
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The Classical School
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In the Classical School, crime and deviance came to be understood as products of the exercise of what?
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Free will
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What does the Classical School of thought hold?
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That men and women are rational beings and that crime is the result of the exercise of free will and personal choices based on calculations of perceived costs and benefits.
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What school of thought holds that men and women are rational beings and that crime is the result of the exercise of free will and personal choices based on calculations of perceived costs and benefits?
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The Classical School
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According to Cesare Beccaria, what should punishment be based on?
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The degree of injury caused by the offender rather than criminal intent.
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TRUE/FALSE According to Cesare Beccaria, punishment should be based on criminal intent rather than the degree of injury caused by the offender.
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FALSE
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TRUE/FALSE According to Cesare Beccare, deterrence rather than retribution and punishment should be imposed to prevent offenders from committing new crimes.
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TRUE
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According to Cesare Beccaria, what is the purpose of punishment?
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Deterrence rather than retribution and punishment should be imposed to prevent offenders from committing new crimes.
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According to Cesare Beccaria, how severe should punishment be?
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Only severe enough to outweigh the personal benefits derived from committing crimes.
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TRUE/FALSE According to Cesare Beccaria, to help prevent crimes, trial and punishment should be swift and, once punishment is decreed, it should be certain.
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TRUE
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What did Cesare Beccaria's work influence?
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1st 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution
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Whose work influenced the 1st 10 amendments of the U.S. Constitution which emphasized on the rights of individuals in the face of state power?
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Cesare Beccaria
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TRUE/FALSE Cesare Beccaria was responsible for the contemporary belief that criminals have no control over their behavior and that they do not choose to commit crimes and cannot be deterred by the threat of punishment.
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FALSE Cesare Beccaria was responsible for the contemporary belief that criminals have control over their behavior and that they choose to commit crimes, and that they can be deterred by the threat of punishment.
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What was the name of Cesare Beccaria's published work?
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Essays on Crime and Punishment
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Essays on Crime and Punishment is the name of whose published work?
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Cesare Beccaria
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What was the name of Jeremy Bentham's publication?
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Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
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Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation is the name of whose published work?
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Jeremy Bentham
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Who said this? "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure".
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Jeremy Bentham
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TRUE/FALSE According to Jeremy Bentham, human beings are fundamentally rational.
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TRUE
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Who argued that pain associated with crime commission must outweigh the pleasure to be derived from the criminal activity?
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Jeremy Bentham
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What is the notion that individuals could weigh the consequences of their behavior before acting, thus maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain called? Who created this notion?
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Hedonistic Calculus Jeremy Bentham
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Bentham recommended that panopticons be constructed near cities serving as examples to others who may commit crime. What are panopticons?
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A circular building with cells along the circumference, each clearly visible from a central location staffed by guards.
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Who stated that all citizens should have their first and last name tattooed on their wrists for the purpose of facilitating police identification as a part of a crime prevention strategy?
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Jeremy Bentham
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TRUE/FALSE According to Jeremy Bentham, the creation of a centralized police force focused on arrests and convictions.
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FALSE According to Jeremy Bentham, the creation of a centralized police force focused on crime prevention and control.
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What notion replaced classical criminology?
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Positivism
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Positivism is based upon an acceptance of hard determinism. What is does hard determinism mean?
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The belief that much of human behavior and crime results from forces that are beyond the control of the individual.
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TRUE/FALSE Hard determinism implied that offenders were responsible for their crimes and suggested that crime could be prevented by changing the conditions that produced criminality.
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FALSE Hard determinism implied that offenders were not responsible for their crimes and suggested that crime could be prevented by changing the conditions that produced criminality.
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What is hard determinism?
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Implies that offenders were not responsible for their crimes and suggested that crime could be prevented by changing the conditions that produced criminality.
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What kind of determinism implies that offenders were not responsible for their crimes and suggested that crime could be prevented by changing the conditions that produced criminality?
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Hard determinism
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TRUE/FALSE Several studies, which emerged in the 1970s, showed that offenders could not be rehabilitated, no matter what method was tried.
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TRUE
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Several studies, which emerged in the 1970s, showed that offenders could not be rehabilitated, no matter what method was tried. What view of criminology did these studies undermine?
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Positivism
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Several studies, which emerged in the 1970s, showed that offenders could not be rehabilitated, no matter what method was tried. What precipitated as a result?
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A growing fear of crime and led to "get tough on crime" policies
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What was a resurgence of classical school ideals that came about as a result of a growing fear of crime that led to "get tough on crime" policies?
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Neoclassical Criminology
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Positivism was the result of a resurgence of classical school ideals that came to referred to as what?
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Neoclassical Criminology
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What is an example of a "get tough" policy?
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Three strikes law
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What does Neoclassical Criminology focus on?
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The importance of character, the dynamics of character development, and the rational choices that people make as they are faced with opportunities for crime.
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What is the modern-day application of classical principles to problems of crime and crime control in contemporary society, often in the guide of "get tough" policies.
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Neoclassical Criminology
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The importance of character, the dynamics of character development, and the rational choices that people make as they are faced with opportunities for crime focuses on what school of thought?
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Neoclassical Criminology
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Who found that when it came to the rehabilitation of offenders, nothing seemed to work, since most of them resume their criminal careers after being released from prison?
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Robert Martinson
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In Robert Martinson national survey of rehabilitation programs, what seemed to work when it came to rehabilitating offenders? Why did it or did it not work?
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Nothing worked Because most of them resume their criminal careers after being released.
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Robert Martinson conducted a national survey of what types of programs?
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Rehabilitation programs
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What phrase (derived from Robert Martinson) became a rallying cry of conservative policy makers everywhere and whose doctrine received much public doctrine?
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Nothing works!
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Who suggested that crime is not a result of poverty or social conditions and cannot be affected by social programs?
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James Q. Wilson
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James Wilson suggested that crime is not a result of poverty of social conditions and cannot be affected by social programs. What did Wilson argue that is needed for elimination of criminal opportunity?
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Lengthy incarceration
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Whose work led to the development of the Justice Model?
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James Q. Wilson
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What is the Justice Model?
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A contemporary model of imprisonment in which the principles of revenge forms the underlying social principle.
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What is a contemporary model of imprisonment in which the principles of revenge forms the underlying social principle?
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The Justice Model
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TRUE/FALSE In the Justice Model, it is believed that prisoners deserve punishment because of choices they make.
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TRUE
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What does Rational Choice theory say?
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Rational choice theory holds that criminals make a conscious, rational, and at least partially informed choice to commit crime.
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What are the two varieties of rational choice theory?
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Routine Activities Theory and Situational Control Theory
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Which theory holds that criminals make conscious, rational, and at least partially informed choice to commit crime?
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Rational Choice Theory
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Rational Choice Theory predicts that individuals choose to commit crime when what happens?
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The benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying the law.
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What theory predicts that individuals choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying the law?
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Rational Choice Theory
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Which theory states that lifestyles that contribute to criminal opportunities are likely to result in crime because they increase risk of potential victimization?
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Routine Activities Theory
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TRUE/FALSE According to the Routine Activities Theory, lifestyles that contribute to criminal opportunities are likely to result in crime because they increase the risk of potential victimization.
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TRUE
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What does Routine Activities Theory suggest?
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Regular, recurrent, and patterned activities contribute significantly to both the volume and type of crime found in any society.
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Which theory suggested that regular, recurrent, and patterned activities contribute significantly to both the volume and type of crime in any society?
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Routine Activities Theory
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The Routine Activities theory states that there must be three things for a crime to occur. What are they?
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Motivated offender Suitable target Lack of a capable guardian
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What theory is a kind of soft determinism that views criminal behavior as a function of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities?
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Situational Choice Theory
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According to Situational Choice Theory how can the probability of criminal activity be reduced?
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By changing the features of the environment
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Which theory suggests that the probability of criminal activity can be reduced by changing the features of the environment?
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Situational Choice Theory
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TRUE/FALSE According to Situational Choice Theory, crime happens when the situation presents an opportunity and not based on any sociological concepts.
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TRUE
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TRUE/FALSE According to Situational Choice Theory, changing the features of the environment will increase the probability of criminal activity.
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FALSE According to Situational Choice Theory, changing the features of the environment will reduce the probability of criminal activity.
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In Situational Choice Theory, the value of a situation approach lies in the fact that criminologists have found it difficult to identify who and what?
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Difficult to identify who is likely to become a serious offender and to predict the timing and types of future offenses that repeat offenders are likely to commit.
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Situational Choice Theory moves what into central focus?
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The context of the crime
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Situational Choice Theory views criminal behavior as a function of what?
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Views criminal behavior as a function of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities.
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Situational Choice Theory is not simply a matter of motivation; it is also a matter of what?
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Opportunity
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What is the Situational Choice Theory's approach to preventing crime?
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Reduce the opportunities for crime in specifically identified solutions.
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In his book, Seductions of Crime, Jack Katz explains that crime is the result of what?
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Often wonderful attractions within the lived experience of criminality.
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TRUE/FALSE Punishment is a central feature to both classical and neoclassical thought.
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TRUE
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What does punishment serve as in classical thought?
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A deterrent
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What does punishment support in neoclassical thought?
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Retribution
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What is the notion that criminal offenders deserve the punishment they receive at the hands of the law and that punishments should be appropriate to the type and severity of the crime committed?
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Just deserts
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What is a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in criminality called?
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Specific deterrence
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What is a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which a particular offender is being sentenced?
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General deterrence
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TRUE/FALSE Most studies have failed to find any support for the use of death as a deterrent.
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TRUE
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What type of sentencing is a model of criminal punishment in which an offender is a given a fixed term of imprisonment that may be reduced by good behavior or other considerations?
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Determinate sentencing
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What is a close correspondence between the sentence imposed upon those sent to prison and the time actually served prior to prison release called?
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Truth-in-Sentencing
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What is Truth-in-Sentencing?
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A close correspondence between the sentence imposed upon those sent to prison and the time actually served prior to prison release.
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TRUE/FALSE Truth-in-sentencing laws require that offenders serve all off their sentence prior to prison release.
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FALSE Truth-in-sentencing laws require that offenders serve a large portion of their sentence, usually 80% prior to prison release.
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What is the use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that an offender will be capable of committing future offenses?
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Incapacitation
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What method in studying criminology does positivism use?
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The scientific method
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According to the rational choice theory, crime will decrease when ___________, __________, and ____________.
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-Opportunities for crime are limited -Benefits of crime are reduced -Costs of crime are increased
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What are the two types of choices offenders make when moving toward criminal involvement?
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1. Involvement decisions 2. Event decisions
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What is the difference between involvement decisions and event decisions?
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Event decisions are usually made quickly, in contrast to involvement decisions, which are decided after months or years of thought.
