Castro IB History Paper 2 – Flashcards
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Fulgencio Batista
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Dictator before Castro; oppressive to opposition; corrupt
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Fidel Castro
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dictator; nationalist and later communist; anti-US
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Moncada Barracks (1953)
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failed attack led by Fidel, Raul and Abel Santamaria to get ammunition; all three were captured; birth of the 26th of July Movement
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26th of July Movement
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Castro's political group to overthrow Batista
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Jose Marti
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"father of the revolution"; hero of war for independence from Spain
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Platt Amendment
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piece of Cuba's constitution allowing the US to "stop third parties from interfering in Cuba" (aka protect US interests)
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Granma Expedition
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Fidel returned with Raul and Guevera on a boat; second failed attempt to overthrow Batista; group fled to Sierra Maestra Mts.
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"History will absolve me"
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speech given by Castro to defend himself after his arrest and was published secretly, making him famous for the first time
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Ernesto "Che" Guevera
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Communist revolutionary who worked with Castro and wished to "export" the revolution; helped guide Castro toward the left
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Sierra Maestra
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Mountains where Castro hid with other rebels and conducted guerrilla warfare after his second failed attempt to overthrow Batista
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Orthodox Party
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party Castro was a part of before the creation of the 26th of July Movement
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Raul Castro
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Fidel's brother and right hand man; participated in Moncada and Granma; president in 2005 after Fidel's resignation
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Federacion de Mujeres Cubanos
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org. made by Vilma Espin, Raul's wife trained women for jobs with minimal success few women in high positions -- just want workforce? campaigned against illiteracy and for health programs
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Camilo Cienfuegos
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a leader of the 26th Movement; disappeared in a plane "accident" -- dislike left? too popular?
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Haydee Santamaria
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she distributed Castro's speech and founded the Casa de las Americas; one of few women at Moncada
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Casa de las Americas
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organization to advocate literature and culture; refuge for artists and writers persecuted in their homelands for their advocacy of social justice and opposition to military dictatorship
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Rebel Army
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Castro's military force that was liked by the peasants/farmers because they paid for food, respected women, helped educate rural areas and advocated Agrarian Reform
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Rebel Radio
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radio station put out by 26th Movement telling about the revolution and life in the Sierra
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Pact of Caracas
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coalition of all main anti-Batista political parties
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Manuel Urrutia
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president during provisional gov't (controlled by Castro)
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Cuban Communist Party (PCC)
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the only party allowed to participate in elections under Castro (even now)
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Huber Matos
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26th leader who disliked cmst turn of the new gov't and threatened to resign as Military Chief of Camaguey; arrested by Cienfuegos under Castro's orders
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Agrarian Reform Acts
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laws redistributing land, creating progressively smaller estates; tried to decrease dependence on sugar
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Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
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JFK used Eisenhower's plan to train Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro at Playa Giron; failed and gave Castro an enemy/nationalism
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Cuban Revolutionary Council
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anti-Castro group led by ex PM Miro Cardona to act as provisional gov't after Bay of Pigs
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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Soviets placed nuclear weapons on Cuba creating nuclear alert; agreed to remove them if US removed them from Turkey and agreed not to invade Cuba; Cuba loses USSR protection
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Moral Incentive and Voluntarism
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Guevera's economic plan to give rewards for good work and promote self-sacrifice; fails causing lack of production and absenteeism
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Revolutionary Offensive (1968)
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this movement expropriated all private businesses (e.g. restaurants, farmers markets)
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The Year of Ten Million (1970)
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try to break the sugar output record to pay debt to USSR and use extra money to invest in diversification uses "militarization" of labor canceled holidays, closed theaters
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Results of the 10M Campaign
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Didn't hit quota and neglected other crops/fishing, Demoralized, Castro volunteered resignation (to a crowd of supporters cheering) abandon Che's economic ideas
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Mariel Exodus
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many opponents allowed to leave Cuba for US; (some forced to leave)
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Rectification Campaign (1986)
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bad economy (re)increased Cmst ideas banned farmers markets, no extra pay, land reform productivity down, absenteeism up
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"Special Period in Peacetime" (1991)
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USSR dissolution lead to this period open to internat business (tourism), reintro farmers markets and self-employment (basic capitalism)
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"Family Code"
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men obliged to help in house and with children
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Illiteracy Campaign
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educational mission while in Sierra Maestra Mts.
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Year of Education
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goal to end illiteracy in a year (dropped to 4%); build many (rural) schools and train teachers
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Union de Escritores y Artistas de Cuba (UNEAC)
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artist group whose goal is to help the revolution
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PM
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film of Afro-Cubans dancing censored as unrevolutionary
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"Words to the intellectuals" speech
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Castro speech during the First Congress of Cuban Writers and Artists saying artists' jobs are to inspire support of the revolution
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Padilla affair
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this man was awarded a poetry prize by UNEAC for his poem Fuera del Fuego which was critical after the revolution; arrested and tortured; artists break away from rev in protest
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grey period
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art period after the Padilla affair when artists were watched closely and scared to write anything anti-rev
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Pope John Paul II
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this man visited Cuba and denounced the cmsm and lack of freedom but also opposed the US embargo
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Constitution of 1976
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this made Cuba explicitly communist, including free edu and healthcare, regulate religious insts. and no independently owned media cos
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National Assembly
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elected legislative body made by the 1976 Constitution
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Comites de Defensa de la Revolucion (CDR)
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group that encouraged peer surveillance and reporting of counter rev activity
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UMAP
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group that made reeducation labor camps for dissenters, homosexuals, and others
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Propaganda messages
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engaged/mythical leader who fights/works alongside his people, nationalism against US, united
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Historiography (Why Castro kept power)
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Kapcia: good politician internationally and domestically, charisma, turning defeat (10M campaign) into victory Balfour: stress independence vs. colonial rule and conviction of morality and success of rev Perez-Stable: popular support, social justice and equality, poor feared a return to a disregard of welfare
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Cubiana
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19th century Cuban rebel term referring to "Cuba for the Cubans"; anti-foreign investment
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US Embargo
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US refused to trade with Cuba
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John F. Kennedy
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US president during Cuban Missile Crisis
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Nkita Khrushchev
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Soviet leader humiliated during Cuban Missile Crisis
