Cardiovascular physical therapy Board Review – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
ECG changes with MI A PT working in a hospital is asked to treat a patient with known cardiac problems. When he looks at the ECG strips in the chart, he sees Q waves in leads V1 - V4; what condition is the PT suspecting?
answer
Anterior MI
question
ECG changes with MI A PT working in a hospital is asked to treat a patient with known cardiac problems. When he looks at the ECG strips in the chart, he sees Q waves in leads 1, AVL. What condition is the PT suspecting?
answer
Lateral MI
question
ECG changes with MI A PT working in a hospital is asked to treat a patient with known cardiac problems. When he looks at the ECG strips in the chart, he sees Q waves in leads II, III, AVF. What conditions is the PT suspecting?
answer
Inferior MI
question
ECG changes with MI A PT working in a hospital is asked to treat a patient with known cardiac problems. When he looks at the ECG strips in the chart, he sees Large R waves in leads V1-V3, ST segment depression V1,V2, or V3. What conditions is the PT suspecting?
answer
Posterior MI
question
What condition might be suspected in the following description? - increased concentration of potassium ios decreased the rate and force of heart contraction - ECG changes such as: Widened PR intervals, QRS and tall T waves?
answer
Hyperkalemia
question
What condition might be suspected in the following description? - decreased concentration of postassium ions produce
answer
Hypokalemia
question
Increased concentration of calcium ions increases heart actions
answer
Hypercalcemia
question
decreased concentration of calcium ions decreases heart actions
answer
Hypocalcemia
question
Inability to breathe when in a reclining position
answer
Orthopnea
question
Sudden inability to breathe occurring during sleep
answer
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
question
Abnormally low amount of oxygen in the blood (O₂sat < 90%)
answer
Hypoxemia
question
Low oxygen level in the tissues
answer
Hypoxia
question
Complete lack of oxygen
answer
Anoxia
question
Bluish color related to decreased cardiac output or cold; especially lips, fingertips, nail beds
answer
Cyanosis
question
Absence of rosy color in light-skinned individuals, associated with decreased peripheral blood flow, PVD
answer
Pallor
question
Dependent redness wih PVD
answer
Rubor
question
Curvature of the fingernails with soft tissue enlargement at base of nail; Associated with chronic oxygen deficiency, heart failure
answer
Clubbing
question
Dorsal skin folds of the ltoes or fingers are resistant to lifting Indicative of fibrotic changes and lymphedema
answer
Stemmer's sign
question
A PT examines a patient in the clinic. The PT notices that the superficial temperature of one of the LE is lower compared to opposite side. This condition can be attributed to:
answer
Poor arterial perfusion
question
Pitting edema scale - Barely perceptible identation ( 0 - 1/4 inch pitting)
answer
1+
question
Pitting edema scale - Easily identified depression; returns to normal within 15 seconds. (1/4 > 1/2 inch pitting)
answer
2+
question
Pitting edema scale - Depression takes 15- 30 seconds to rebound (1/2 > 1 inch pitting)
answer
3+
question
Pitting edema scale - Depression lasts for ≥ 30seconds (> 1inch pitting)
answer
4+
question
A patient presents with intermittent claudication when walking on the treadmill. When asked with regards to his pain in LE, he states it is minimal discomfort. What grade this represent in the intermittent claudication scale?
answer
Grade 1
question
A patient presents with intermittent claudication when walking on the treadmill. When asked with regards to his pain in LE, he states it is moderate discomfort, and his attention can be diverted with conversation. What grade this represent in the intermittent claudication scale?
answer
Grade 2
question
A patient presents with intermittent claudication when walking on the treadmill. When asked with regards to his pain in LE, he states he cannot continue because the pain is intense (Patient 's attention cannot be diverted). What grade this represent in the intermittent claudication scale?
answer
Grade 3
question
A patient presents with intermittent claudication when walking on the treadmill. Shortly after the patient stops the treadmill and states that his pain is excrutiating and unbearable. What grade this represent in the intermittent claudication scale?
answer
Grade 4
question
What test determines the competence of greater saphenous vein?
answer
Percussion test
question
What test is being explained? - In standing, palpate one segment of vein while percussing ven approximately 20 cm higher. If pulse wave is flet by lower hand, the intervening vals are incompetent
answer
Percussion test
question
(retrograde filling test) What test is being explained ? - Patient is positioned in supine with legs elevated 60° (empties venous blood) - Tourniquet is then placed on proximal thigh (occludes venous flow in the superficial veins) - Patient is then asked to stand - Examiner notes if veins fill in normal pattern. Should take approximately 30 seconds.
answer
Trendelenburg's test
question
ABI Index value > 1.2
answer
Falsely elevated, arterial disease, diabetes
question
ABI Index value = 1.0 - 1.20
answer
Normal
question
ABI Index value = 0.99 - 0.80
answer
Mild arterial disease, intermittent claudication
question
ABI Index value = 0.79 - 0.50
answer
Moderate arterial disease, and pain at rest
question
ABI Index value < 0.50
answer
Severe arterial disease
question
leg cramps may also result from diuretic use that reduce K ion concentration. this condition is called:
answer
hypokalemia
question
What the name of the central line catheter that is inserted through vessels into right side of heart,and it is used to measure - Central venous pressure (CVP) - Pulmonary artery pressure (PA) - Pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (PCWP)?
answer
Swan-Ganz catheter
question
The period of ventricular contraction
answer
Systole
question
The amount of blood in the ventricles after systole (≈ 50mL)
answer
End systolic volume
question
The period of ventricular relaxation and filling of blood
answer
Diastole
question
The amount of blood in the ventricles after diastole (≈ 120mL)
answer
End diastolic volume
question
Gallop or S3, is an abnormal heart rhythm with three sounds in each cycle. It occurs soon after S2. Which condition is S3 is associated with?
answer
Congestive Left heart failure
question
S4 is associated with ventricular filling and atrial contraction. it occurs just before S1. Which conditions is S4 associated with?
answer
CAD, MI, aortic stenosis, chronic hypertension
question
Episodic spasms of small arteries and arterioles. Abnormal vasoconstriction reflex exacerbated by exposure to cold or emotional stress. Tip of fingers develop pallor, cyanosis, numbness and tingling
answer
Raynaud's disease
question
When performing Exercise Tolerance Test (ETT) to determine functional capacity of an individual, How ETT should be performed for patients with more pronounced CAD?
answer
Discontinous
question
What are ECG changes with exercise in healthy individuals ?
answer
HR increases directly proportional to exercise intensity, Rate related shortening of QT interval, decrease R wave and increase Q wave, arrhythmias rare: single PVCs, ST segment depression < 1mm
question
What are ECG changes with exercise in individuals with CAD Myocardial Ischemia?
answer
Significant tachycardia occurs at lower level of exercise, Exertional arrhythmias during exercise and recovery, ST segment depression > 1mm below baseline
question
What can be safely assumed in term of exercise in individuals with: poor LEFT ventricular function, ischemic changes on ECG (ST segment depression > 1mm) during ETT, Functional capacity < 6 METs, uncontrolled hypertension or arrhythmias?
answer
Exercise is contraindicated
question
How is 70 - 85% of HR max correlates to VO2 max?
answer
60-80% of V02 max
question
An RPE value of 12 - 13 (Somewhat hard) correspond to how much percentage of HR range?
answer
60% of HR range
question
An RPE value of 16 (Hard) correspond to how much percentage of HR range?
answer
85% of HR range
question
- HR < THR for a given exercise intensity - RPE < for a given exercise intensity (exercise is preceived as easier) - Symptoms of ischemia (i.e., angina) do not appear at a given exercise intensity If any of this conditions occurs in your plan of care, you should:
answer
Modify exercise prescription
question
As training progress in rehabilitation, you should:
answer
Increase duration first, and then intensity
question
What conditions are considered Absolute contraindications to participation in Inpatient and/or Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program?
answer
Resting SBP > 200mmHg or Resting DBP > 110mmHg, Orhosthatic BP drop > 20 mmHg with symptoms, ST segment depression > 2mm, uncontrolled diabetes: glucose level 300mg/dL pr > 250mg/dL with ketones present
question
If a patient is exercising in a Inpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation program, what conditions would lead to exercise discontinuation?
answer
DBP ≥ 110mmHg, decrease in SBP > 10 mmHg, significant ventricular/atrial arrhythmias, 2nd-3rd degree AV Block, s/s of exercise intolerance
question
Signs & Symptoms of Exercise intolerance
answer
Persisten dyspnea, dizziness or confusion, angina, severe leg claudication, excessive fatigue, pallor, cold sweat, ataxia, pulmonary rales
question
In patients with CHF, exercise HR should be limited to RHR + 10-20bpm. What exercise HR is generally contraindicated in individuals with Congestive heart failure?
answer
HR > 115bpm
question
Exercise may exacerbate CHF, therefore check for delayed reponses of:
answer
Weight gain, edema in LE
question
Patients with CHF should exercise at low intensity and with interval training (increasing duration with frequent rest periods). What intensity level should CHF exercise in terms of percentage of functional capacity?
answer
40-60% of functional capacity
question
A PT is trying to control external bleeding (arterial bleed) for a football player who has severely injured. The PT attempts to stop the bleeding by putting a clean cloth or towel over it and apply a firm pressure. The PT notices that the blood is soaking through the cloth or towel. What's the next thing he should do to contain the bleeding?
answer
Do not remove any cloth or towel, and add additional layers, and elevate the part if possible unless it's deformed or causes pain when elevated
question
Exercise training for patient with PVD may result in improved functional capacity, improved peripheral blood flow and muscle oxidative capacity. what type of training/protocol is recommended?
answer
Interval training or discontinous protocol at moderate level
question
A walking program is recommended for patients with PVD. what intensity should it be?
answer
40-70% of VO2max, 2-3 times/day, 3-7days/week
question
What is the MOST effective method of increasing blood flow in LE in patients with PVD (arterial disease)?
answer
Resistive calf exercises
question
What LE exercises are recommended for patients of PVD (arterial disease)?
answer
Modified Buerger-Allen exercises, and resistive calf exercises
question
Name of these exercises for PVD patients (arterial disease) - Postural exercises + active plantaflexion and dorsiflexion of the ankle
answer
Modified Buerger-Allen exercises
question
A PT is working a hospital and he's given orders to apply compression to a patient with chronic venous insufficiency as part of management of LE edema. The PT looks at the chart and reads the ABI index to be < 0.8 (mild arterial disease) with evidence of cellulitis or infection. What's the Next thing to do?
answer
Do not apply compression
question
A patient is presenting with any of the signs of lymph overlad: discomfort, aching or pain in proximal lymph areas (axillar or inguinal), change in skin color as a result of activities being perform in the rehab session. What should the PT do?
answer
Discontinue activity, elevate limb and apply cold packs
question
Activities that are CONTRAINDICATED to patients with lymphedema as they are likely to exacerbate this condition are:?
answer
Strenous activities such as jogging, and ballistic movements
question
What sequence of exercise is indicated for patients with lymphedema?
answer
Work trunk and limb girdle muscles first, then limb muscles from proximal to distal with compression bandage on
question
When using compression pumps what pressures are contraindicated as they can cause lymphatic collapse?
answer
Pressures > 45mmHg
question
What test is being explained? - Patinet in supine, passively elevate LEs to approximately 45° for 1 minute, then place in dependent position. - note time for veins to refil - delayed filling (> 15 seconds) is indicative of venous insufficiency
answer
Venous filling time
question
A therapist performs a venous filling time test. Veins takes 25 seconds to refill. This venous filling time may be indicative of what condition?
answer
Venous insufficiency
question
A therapist obtains a value of 1.0 of a measure of the Ankle-Brachial index. What does this value represents?
answer
Normal
question
A therapist obtains a value of 0.92 of a measure of the Ankle-Brachial index. What does this value represents?
answer
Mild peripheral artery disease
question
A therapist obtains a value of 0.74 of a measure of the Ankle-Brachial index. What does this value represents?
answer
Moderate peripheral artery disease
question
A therapist obtains a value of 0.56 of a measure of the Ankle-Brachial index. What does this value represents?
answer
Moderate peripheral artery disease
question
A therapist obtains a value of 0.50 of a measure of the Ankle-Brachial index. What does this value represents?
answer
Moderate peripheral artery disease
question
A therapist obtains a value of 0.48 of a measure of the Ankle-Brachial index. What does this value represents?
answer
Severe arterial disease, critical limb ischemia, and for rest pain
question
A therapist obtains a value of 0.92 of a measure of the Ankle-Brachial index. What does this value represents in terms of using compression therapy?
answer
Compression therapy with caution
question
A therapist obtains a value of 0.78 of a measure of the Ankle-Brachial index. What does this value represents in terms of using compression therapy?
answer
Compression therapy is contraindicated
question
A therapist obtains a value of 0.49 of a measure of the Ankle-Brachial index. What does this value represents in terms of using compression therapy?
answer
Compression therapy is contraindicated
question
ABI Index value = 1.0 - 1.20
answer
Normal
question
ABI Index value = 0.99 - 0.80; Compression therapy recommendation?
answer
Compression therapy with caution
question
ABI Index value = 0.79 - 0.50; Compression therapy recommendation?
answer
Compression therapy is contraindicated
question
ABI Index value < 0.50; Compression therapy recommendation?
answer
Compression therapy is contraindicated
question
Diagnostic test use to diagnose and evaluate ischemic heart disease, myocardial infraction
answer
Myocardial perfusion imaging
question
Impaired ventricular function results in:
answer
Decreased stroke volume, cardiac output and ejection fraction, but also increased end diastolic ventricular pressures
question
Defined as a condition in which the heart is unable to maintian adequate ciruculation of the blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body.
answer
Heart failure
question
Defined as a condition in which the heart is unable to maintian adequate ciruculation of the blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body. When with this condition edema is present is called?
answer
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
question
Defined as whe blood is not adequately PUMPED into systemic circulation;due to an inability of LEFT ventricle to pump,increases in ventricular end-diastolic pressure and left atrial pressure with: - Increased pulmonary artery pressures, and pulmonary edema - Pulmonary signs & symptoms: cough, dyspnea, orthopnea(shortness of breath (dyspnea) which occurs when lying flat) - Weakness, fatigue
answer
Left heart failure or forward HF)
question
Defined as when blood is not adequately RETURNED from the systemic circulation to the heart;due to failure or RIGHTventricule, increased pulmonary artery pressures, with: - Peripheral edema: weight gain, venous stasis - Nausea, anorexia
answer
Right heart failure or backward HF
question
These signs & symptoms are associated with what type of heart failure (right/left)? - Nausea, anorexia - Weight gain, ascites, Right upper quadrant pain - Increased right arterial pressure (RAP), Central venous pressure (CVP) - Jugular venous distention - Peripheral edema
answer
Right sided heart failure
question
These signs & symptoms are associated with what type of heart failure (right/left)? - Fatigue, cough - Shortness of breath, Dyspnea on exertion - Orthopnea, Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) - Diaphoresis - Cheyne-Stokes respirations (advanced failure)
answer
Left sided heart failure
question
Defined as a period of apnea (no breathing) lasting for 10 - 60 seconds followed by gradually increasing depth and frequency of respirations; accompanies depression of frontal lobe and diencephalic dysfunction. May also be seen in advance left sided heart failure
answer
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
question
Identify the following medication based on description? - Decrease preload through peripheral vasodilation, reduce myocardial oxygen demand - Reduce chest discomfort (angina) - may also dilate coronary arteries, improve coronary blood flow (nitrates)
answer
Nitroglycerin
question
Identify the following medication based on description? - reduce myocardial demand by reducing heart rate and contractility; control arrhythmias, chest pain, reduce blood pressure e.g., propanolol[inderal]
answer
Beta-adrenergic blockers
question
Identify the following medication based on description? - Inhibit flow of calcium ions, decrease heart rate, decrease contractility,dilate coronary arteries, reduce BP, control arrhythmias, chest pain. e.g., Cardizem, Procardia,diltiazem
answer
Calcium channel blockers
question
Identify the following medication based on description? - Four main classes., Alter conductivity, restore normal heart rhyth,control arrhythmias, improve cardiac output e.g., quinidine, procainamide
answer
Antiarrhythmics
question
Identify the following medication based on description? - Increases contractility and decreased heart rate (bradycardia) - Mainstay in the treatment of CHF (e.g., digoxin)
answer
Digitalis (cardiac glycosides)
question
Identify the following medication based on description? - Decrease myocardial work (reduce preload and afterload) - Control hypertension (e.g., furosedide [lasix],hydrochlorothiazide[Esidrix]
answer
Diuretics
question
Identify the following medication based on description? - Decreases platelet aggregation; may prevent myocardial infarction, considered a blood thinner.
answer
Aspirin
question
Cardiac transplantation is used in end-stage myocardial disease e.g., cardiomyopathy,ischemic heart disease, valvular disease. When transplantation involves leaving the natural heart and piggy-backing the donor heart this is called?
answer
Heteroptics
question
Cardiac transplantation is used in end-stage myocardial disease e.g., cardiomyopathy,ischemic heart disease, valvular disease. When transplantation involves removing te diseased heart and replacing it with a donor heart, this is called?
answer
Orthotopic
question
Defined as an implanted device (accessory pump) that improves tissue perfusion and maintians cardiogenic circulation;used with severely involved patients e.g., cardiogenic shock unresponsive to medications, severe ventricular dysfunction
answer
Ventricular assist devices (VADs)
question
(atherosclerosis): Chronic, occlusive arterial disease of medium and large sized vessels, the result of peripheral atherosclerosis. - Associated with hypertension and hyperlipidemia; patient may also exhibit CAD, Cerebrovascular disease, diabetes - Pulses: decreased or absent - Color: pale on elevation,dusky red on dependency - Early stages: Intermitten claudication. Pain described as burning,searing,aching, tightness or cramping - Late stages: Ischemia and rest pain; ulcerations and gangrene, trophic changes - Affect primarily the lower extremities.
answer
Arteriosclerosis obliterans
question
(Buerger's disease): Chronic, inflammatory vascular occlusive disease of small arteries and also veins - Occurs commonly in young adults, largely males, who smoke. - Begins distally and progresses proximally in both upper and lower extremities - Patient exhibit paresthesias or pain, cyanotic cold extremity,diminished temperature sensation, fatigue, risk of ulceration and gangrene
answer
Thromboangiitis obliterans
question
Defined as inappropirate elevation of blood glucose levels and accelerated atherosclerosis - Neuropathy a major problem - Neurotrophic ulcers, may lead to gangrene and amputation
answer
Diabetic angiopathy
question
Defined as episodic spasm of small arteries and arterioles - Abnormal vasoconstrictor reflex exacerbated by exposure to cold or emotional stress; tips of fingers develop pallor, cyanosis, numbness, and tingling - Affects largely females - Occlusive diesease is not usually a factor
answer
Raynaud's disease or phonomenon
question
Defined as clot formation and acute inflammation in a superficial vein. Localized pain; usually in saphenous in a deep vein
answer
Superficial vein thrombophlebitis
question
Defined as clot formation and acute inflammation in a deep vein - Usually occurs in lower extremity, associated with venous stasis (bed rest, lack of leg exercise) - Hyperactivity of blood coagulation, and vascular trauma - Early ambulation is prophylactic, helps eliminate venous stasis
answer
Deep vein thrombophlebitis (DVT)
question
A patient would like to beging a resistive training program. Patient has a diagnosis of poor left ventricular function, ischemic changes on ECG during exercise tolerance test (ETT) and his functional capacity is less than 6 mets. What can be said with regards to perform resistive exercise program?
answer
Resistive exercise is contraindicated
question
A patient is taken to the cardiac rehabiliation inpatient center to exercise. If any of the following occurred, what is the next thing to do with regards to exercise? - Patient's DBP ≥ 110 mmHg - Decrease in SBP > 10 mmHg - Significant ventricular or atrial dysrhythmias - 2° or 3° heart block - signs & symptoms of exercise intolerance, including: angina,marked dyspnea, and electrocardiogram changes suggestive of ischema such as: ST depression > 1mm
answer
Stop exercise
question
A therapist wants to apply compression therapy as part of management of edema on a patient with chronic venous insufficiency. The therapist performs an Ankle-Brachial test. the values is 0.68,which is < .80 according to the index values. What should this therapist do with regards to compression therapy?
answer
Do not apply compression therapy
