CANCER: student made questions – Flashcards
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            "Cancer occurs in genes but _______ of all cancers area caused by environmental/lifestyle factors interacting with genes." A) one-half B) three-fourths C) two-thirds D) one-third
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        C) two-thirds
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            A 55-year old woman is diagnosed with breast cancer. Her chart shows T3 N1 M0. Based on this information, you can conclude that:  A) The breast is free of tumor, fixed nodes are involved and there is suspected metastases B) The tumor is <2 cm in size, no nodes are involved and there is no metastases C) The tumor is 2-5 cm in size, fixed nodes are involved and there is demonstrated metastases D) The skin and/or chest wall has been involved, mobile nodes are involved and there is no metastases
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        D) The skin and/or chest wall has been involved, mobile nodes are involved and there is no metastases
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            A baby is diagnosed with congenital intrinsic factor deficiency. From which for the following types of anemia does the baby suffer from?  A) iron deficiency anemia  B) sideroblastic anemia C) pernicious anemia  D) hemolytic anemia
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        C) pernicious anemia
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            A core needle biopsy is: A) removal of a portion B) complete removal C) cells shed from surface D) preformed with direct vision or guided with ultra sound or CT E) dissociated cells for cytologic study
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        D) preformed with direct vision or guided with ultra sound or CT
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            A older woman is suffering from anemia, anorexia and asthenia resulting in malnutrition. Her doctor diagnosed with cancer before these symptoms. Which of the following describes her symptoms? (lecture notes) A) cachexia  B) fatigue C) acute phase response
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        A) cachexia
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            A patient came in with the following symptoms: loss of appetite, abdominal pain, beefy red tongue, icterus, and splenic enlargement; which type of anemia is most likely to be?  A) Leukemia  B) Hypocalcemia C) Pernicious Anemia  D) Hypercalcemia  E) Anemia
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        C) Pernicious Anemia
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            A patient is given high doses of Vitamin B12. What type of anemia is this treatment for? A) Folate deficiency anemia B) Aplastic Anemia C) Pernicious Anemia  D) Sideroblastic Anemia
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        C) Pernicious Anemia
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            A patient lab results show undifferentiated or immature blast cells, which type of leukemia does this patient have? A) acute leukemia B) Chronic Leukemia C) neither a or b.
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        A) acute leukemia
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            A patient suffering from fatigue, weakness, dyspnea and pallor is suffering from which one of the following (notes): A) Anemia B) Ionizing Radiation C) heavy alcohol consumption D) dyslipidemia
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        A) Anemia
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            Advanced types of cancers can secrete these angiogenic factors except....  A) BFGF B) ADGF  C) VEGF  D) PDGF
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        B) ADGF
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            All of the following apply to a benign tumor EXCEPT:  A) Do not metastasize B) High mitotic index  C) Not invasive D) Well differentiated  E) Grow slowly
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        B) High mitotic index
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            All of the following apply to a malignant tumor except?  A) grow rapidly B) well defined capsule C) invasive D) poorly differentiated
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        B) well defined capsule
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            All of the following are common childhood cancers except: A) Sickle cell anemia B) Sarcomas C) Leukemias D) Embroyonic Tumors
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        A) Sickle cell anemia
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            All of the following are environmental risk factors of cancer except?  A) tobacco B) obesity C) alcohol consumption D) healthy diet E) ultraviolet radiation
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        D) healthy diet
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            All of the following are examples of benign tumors except?  A) Glioma B) Lipoma C) Leiomyoma D) Chondroma E) Adenocarcinoma
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        E) Adenocarcinoma
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            All of the following are risk factors for Cancer except: A) Obesity B) Ionizing Radiation C) Sexual behavior D) Physical activity
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        D) Physical activity
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            All of the following are symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma except  A) night sweats B) weight gain C) fever  D) pruritus
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        B) weight gain
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            All of the following are the most common childhood cancers except?  A) Leukemias B) Sacromas C) Embryonic tumors D) Lymphoma
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        D) Lymphoma
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            All of the following are tumor markers except?A) hormones B) enzymes C) genes D) antibodies/antigens E) hemoglobin
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        E) hemoglobin
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            All our characteristic of malignant tumors except: A) all of the above B) invade local structures and tissues C) have a high mitotic index D) they all grow rapidly E) they all have a well defined capsule
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        E) they all have a well defined capsule
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            Alopecia is..... A) Weight gain B) Weight loss C) A type of cancer D) Hair loss E) None of the aqbove
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        D) Hair loss
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            Anemia is defined as: A) reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin B) iron overload C) reduction in circulating neutrophils D) malignant proliferation of plasma cells
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        A) reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin
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            Based on presence of metastasis, which stage is a local invasion? A) stage I B) stage II C) stage III D) stage IV
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        B) stage II
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            Benign tumors include all of the following except? A) lipomas B) gliomas C) leiomyomas D) chondromas E) melanomas
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        E) melanomas
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            Cancer cells are? A) Bad B) Interchangable C) Immortal D) Histones E) None of the above
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        C) Immortal
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            Cancer occurs in genes but two-thirds of all cancers are caused by environmental/lifestyle factors interacting with genes. A) True B) False
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        A) True
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            Carcinoma in situ: A) has a connective tissue origin B) arises from lymphatic tissue C) arises from bone marrow D) refers to pre invasive epithelial tumors
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        D) refers to pre invasive epithelial tumors
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            Characteristics of benign tumors include all except: A) Grow slowly B) not encapsulated C) not invasive D) low mitotic index E) well differentiated
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        B) not encapsulated
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            Childhood cancer mostly originates from this layer?  A) endoderm B) ectoderm C) mesoderm D) none of these layers
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        C) mesoderm
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            Do more males or females die from cancer in the digestive system? A) male B) female
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        A) male
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            embryonic tumors are diagnosed early in life around.... A) Age 6 to 8 B) Adolescent years C) First 6 months after birth D) During pregnancy E) Usually by 5 years of age
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        E) Usually by 5 years of age
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            Epigenetics is the change in what without DNA mutation?  A) enzymes  B) sequence C) phenotype  D) mutation
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        C) phenotype
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            Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, and pallor are classic symptoms of which disease? A) Leukemia B) Anemia C)Eosinophilia  D) Lymphoma
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        B) Anemia
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            Foods that can decrease cancer risk are all of the following except? A) fruits B) vegetables C) foods containing vitamin A, B6, C, D, E, and folate D) whole grains and lycopene E) all of the above
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        E) all of the above
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            Granulocytopenia causes  A) interference with hematopoiesis B) immune mechanisms C) chemotherapy destruction D) ionizing radiation E) all of the above
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        E) all of the above
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            Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn occurs when the A) Fetus is blood type O and Mom is blood type AB B) Fetus is RH negative and Mom is RH positive C) Fetus is blood type B and Mom is blood type A D) Fetus is RH positive and Mom is RH negative E) Fetus is blood type AB and Mom is blood type AB
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        D) Fetus is RH positive and Mom is RH negative
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            Hemophilia is characterized by what symptoms? A) impairment of coagulation of blood B) tendency to bleed C) heavy bleeding D) no bleeding E) A B and C
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        E) A B and C
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            How is gene amplification dangerous? A) suppresses genes when needed B) they can active oncogenes C) prevents mutations D) enhances cell growth
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        B) they can active oncogenes
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            How many stages are there in the microscopic analysis of metastasis?  A) 3 B) 4 C) 1 D) 2
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        B) 4
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            How many stages of cancers are there?  A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
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        D) 4
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            Icterus means:  A) Hardening of stool B) Jaundice C) A prehistoric dinosaur D) Swelling of the eyes E) Excessive tearing of the eyes
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        B) Jaundice
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            If a mutation occurs in ________, it can be passed on to future generations  A) germline cells B) somatic cells
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        A) germline cells
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            If diagnosed with a disease, which of the following would you want to have?  A) Adenocarcinoma B) Rhabdomyosarcomas C) Chondroma
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        C) Chondroma
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            If your patient just had gastric bypass surgery, which deficiency do you want to keep an eye out for? A) vitamin A B) vitamin B12 C) vitamin K D) vitamin D E) all of the above
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        B) vitamin B12
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            Impaired homeostasis can be caused by A) vitamin K deficiency B) liver disease C) disseminated intravascular coagulation D) A & C
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        D) A & C
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            In reference to granulocytosis, when immature neutrophils are released into the blood and the patient becomes at higher risk for infection, what type of shift is this termed? A) Shift to the right. B) Shift to shift. C) Shift to the left. D) Shift to lower gear. E) Shift to lower level.
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        C) Shift to the left.
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            Iron deficiency anemia is the most common blood disorder of infancy and childhood. Of the following list of manifestations, which one should not be included? A) Atypical lymphocytes B) Weakness C) Irritability D) Decreased activity tolerance
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        A) Atypical lymphocytes
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            Known routes for metals of malignant cells include: A) direct or continuous extension B) lymphatic spread C) blood stream dissemination D) all of the above are correct
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        D) all of the above are correct
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            Known routes for metastasis of malignant cells include A) Direct or continuous extension B) lymphatic spread C) penetration into blood vessels or body cavities D) spread to secondary sites E) all of the above
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        E) all of the above
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            Large changes in chromosome structure in which a piece of one chromosome is translocated to another chromosome are... A) Clonal proliferation B) point mutations C) DNA splicing D) Chromosome translocations E) All of the above
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        D) Chromosome translocations
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            Leukopena is usually a reasult of.. A) Drugs  B) Blood clots C) Hair loss D) Chemotherapy E) None of the above
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        D) Chemotherapy
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            Malignant epithelial tumors are defined as:  A) glioma B) sarcoma C) carcinoma D) lipoma
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        C) carcinoma
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            Malignant tumor arising from glandular tissue is a A) carcinoma B) sarcoma C) adenocarcinoma D) benign tumor E) cancerous tumor
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        C) adenocarcinoma
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            Metastasis is........... A) Spread of cancer from site of original tumor, to distant tissues/organs through the body B) Caused by infection with specific sub types of HPV C) Cause of inflamation D) Ultraviolet radiation E) All the above
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        A) Spread of cancer from site of original tumor, to distant tissues/organs through the body
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            Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemias is characterized by:  A) red cells that are abnormal small and contain reduced amount of hemoglobin B) Folate deficiency C) red cells that are relatively normal in size and hemoglobin conten but insufficient in number D) defective DNA synthesis
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        A) red cells that are abnormal small and contain reduced amount of hemoglobin
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            Most childhood cancers A) originate in organs B) originate in mesodermal layer C) are slow growing D) are carcinomas
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        B) originate in mesodermal layer
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            Neuroblastoma is a tumor of A) childhood B) adults C) bone D) sympathetic nervous system
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        D) sympathetic nervous system
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            Neutropenia can cause the patient to which of the following?  A) Severe allergic reaction* B) Prolonged severe infection C) Nonstop severe inflammation D) Increased in parasitic invasions E) Very little known about this condition
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        B) Prolonged severe infection
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            Neutropenia is defined as:  A) premature release of neutrophils B) reduction in circulating neutrophils C) iron overload D) a type of sickle cell anemia
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        B) reduction in circulating neutrophils
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            Anaplasia
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        The loss of structural differentiation within a cell or group of cells.
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            Cachexia
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        Is the most severe form of malnutrition that is present in 80% of cancer patients at death. Manifestations include anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, anemia, asthenia, taste alterations, and altered protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
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            Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
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        A complex, acquired disorder in which clotting and hemorrhage occur simultaneously
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            Epigenetics
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        A change in genetic expression (phenotype) without DNA mutation
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            Epstein-Barr Virus
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        The virus that is the cause of 85% of the cases of infectious mononucleosis.
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            Leukemia
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        A malignant disorder of the blood and blood forming agents
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            Neoplasm
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        Another word for tumor, means new growth
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            Pernicious Anemia
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        A condition caused by a lack of intrinsic factor from the gastric parietal cells
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            Neutropenia is diagnosed when neutrophil count is A) Less Than 2000 CM/MM3 B) <1000 cm/mm3 C) <500 cm/mm3 D) all of the above E) none of the above
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        A) Less Than 2000 CM/MM3
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            Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma:  A) doesn't have Reed-Sternberg cells B) has Reed-Sternberg cells C) is genetic term for a diverse group of lymphomas D) is malignant disorder of the blood and blood forming organs
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        C) is genetic term for a diverse group of lymphomas
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            Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are:  A) Viral and bacterial infections B) Autoimmune disorders C) Environmental agents D) All of the above E) Only A and B
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        D) All of the above
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            One of the most common cancers found in children is: A) lung B) foot C) leukemias D) colon E) none of the above
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        C) leukemias
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            People with cancer are often at risk for infections because of  A) luekopenia B) anemia C) thrombocytopenia D) leukocytosis
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        A) luekopenia
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            People with Hodgkin Lymphoma have been associated by also having what virus? A) Epstein-Barr Virus B) RUbella C) HIV D) AIDS E) none of the above
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        A) Epstein-Barr Virus
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            Pernicious anemia is a subtype of which anemias?  A) Macrocytic-Normochromic B) Microcytic-Normochromic C) Normocytic-Normochromic D) Microcytic-Hypochromic
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        A) Macrocytic-Normochromic
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            Polycythemia can result to which of the following? A) Hydration B) Dehydration C) Sunburn D) Insanity E) Failing a class
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        B) Dehydration
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            Prognosis of cancer in children is ______ and long term effects of treatment.  A) Reuniting B) Renewing C) Reperfusion D) Residual
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        D) Residual
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            Radiation therapy is used to...... A) Make food B) Kill cancer cells C) Used for surgery D) All the above E) None of the above
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        B) Kill cancer cells
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            Sarcoma is what type of malignancy in cancer A) Head tumor  B) Skin tumor C) Bone tumor D) Sparkly disease E) None of the above
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        C) Bone tumor
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            Sickle cell disease can result in  A) Anaplastic crisis B) Thrombotic crisis C) Equestration crisis D) Hypohemolytic crisis
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        B) Thrombotic crisis
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            Side effect of chemotherapy include all the following except:  A) anemia B) bleeding C) nausea D) polycythemia
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        D) polycythemia
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            Strong risk factor for cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver is.... A) Chronic alcohol consumption B) obesity C) anemia D) smoking E) All of the above
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        A) Chronic alcohol consumption
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            The "T" in the World Health Organization's TNM System stands for:  A) Tumor marker B) Touch C) Tumor spread D) Temperature
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        C) Tumor spread
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            The following factors are risk factors for cancer: Diet, genetics, tobacco, alcohol, obesity.  A) True B) False C) It's both true and false
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        A) True
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            The following foods contribute to increasing the risk of cancer except (notes): A) Alcohol B) blackened foods C) fried foods D) Fruits and vegetables
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        D) Fruits and vegetables
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            The highest incidence of Iron Deficiency Anemia occurs during what age in children? A) 3-10 years of age B) after birth C) teenage years D) adolescence years E) 6 months- 2 years
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        E) 6 months- 2 years
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            The most common malignancy in children is.. A) Adenocarcinoma B) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome C) Leukemia D) Malignant melanoma E) None of the above
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        C) Leukemia
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            The most common type if non-Hodgkin lymphoma found n children is: A) Burkitt lymphoma B) Lymphoblastic Lymphoma C) multiple myeloma
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        A) Burkitt lymphoma
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            The process by which tuners develop new vascular networks is: A) heparinization B) anaplasia C) angiogenesis  D) autonomy E) differentiation
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        C) angiogenesis
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            This accounts for 30% of the overall risk factors for cancer.  A) Obesity B) Lack of exercise C) Diet D) Alcohol consumption E) Tabacco
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        C) Diet
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            Thrombocytopennia is described as a platelet count below ______platelets per cubic millimeter A) 1,000,000 B) 150,000 C) 10,000 D) 1000
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        B) 150,000
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            Tumor cell markers (biologic markers) are substances produced by cancer cells or that are not found on?  A) plasma cell membranes B) blood C) CSF D) stool
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        D) stool
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            Tumor markers are used to? A) all of these answers B) used to observe course of cancer C) identify individuals at high risk for cancer D) Diagnose specific types of tumors
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        A) all of these answers
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            Tumor-suppressor genes: A) have the ability to transform a normal cell to a cancerous cell B) regulate growth and development C) produce proteins that inhibit cell division D) can develop from pro to-oncogenes
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        C) produce proteins that inhibit cell division
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            Ultra violet radiation causes all of the following except (notes): A) Basel cell carcinoma B) squamous cell carcinoma C) melanoma D) anemia
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        D) anemia
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            Ultra-violet radiation can cause all of the following except? A) basal cell carcinomas B) squamous cell carcinoma C) melanomas D) stratified colummaromas
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        D) stratified colummaromas
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            What anemia caused Vitamin B12 deficiency?  A) aplastic anemia B) Pernicious anemia C) Hymolyctic anemia D) Chronic diseade anemia
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        B) Pernicious anemia
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            What are oncogenes? A) mutant genes B) mortal genes C) tumor suppressor genes D) point mutations
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        A) mutant genes
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            What are some factors that can lead to Iron Deficiency Anemia? A) pregnancy B) malnutrition C) heavy bleeding D) cancer E) all of the above
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        E) all of the above
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            What are the causes of anemia?  A) altered production of erythrocytes B) blood loss C) increased erythrocyte destruction D) all of the above
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        D) all of the above
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            What does physical activity reduce in cancer risk?  A) Decrease obesity B) Increases gut motility C) Increase insulin growth D) All of the Above E) Only A&B
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        E) Only A&B
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            What does T1 stand for? A) primary tumor B) lesion <2 cm in size C) lesion 2-5cm
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        B) lesion <2 cm in size
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            What does the "T" in TNM system stand for A) Tenacity B) Tumor C) The node involvement D) The prescence of distant metastasis E) None of the above
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        B) Tumor
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            What is necessary for diagnosing Hodgkin Lymphoma? A) Increased help-T cells B) Basophils C) Thrombocytes D) Anemia E) Reed-Sternberg cells
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        E) Reed-Sternberg cells
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            What is not a form of chemotherapy treatment? A) Inductant B) Adjuvant C) hormone theraphy D) neoadjuvant
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        C) hormone theraphy
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            What is the most common malignancy in childhood cancers? A) AIDSB) Sarcoma C) Epstein-Barr virus D) Leukemia E) Wilms tumor
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        D) Leukemia
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            What is the most common type of childhood cancers?  A) leukemia B) sarcoma C) neuroblastoma D) wilms tumor
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        A) leukemia
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            What is the most common type of megaloblastic anemia, is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?  A) microcytic-hypochromic anemias B) pernicious anemia C) iron deficiency anemia D) sideroblastic anemia
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        B) pernicious anemia
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            What is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children?  A) Multiple Myeloma B) Ebstein-Barr Virus C) Burkitt Lymphoma D) Hodgkin Lymphoma E) Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
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        C) Burkitt Lymphoma
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            What is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children?  A) multiple myeloma B) lymphoblastic lymphoma C) burkitt lymphoma D) none of the above
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        C) burkitt lymphoma
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            What is the syndrome which conditions include anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, anemia, asthenia, poor performance, taste alterations, and altered protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism?  A) cachexia B) anemia C) leukopenia D) thrombocytopenia
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        A) cachexia
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            What of the following is not a genetic cause to cancer in children?  A) Aneuploidy B) Translocations C) Deletions D) Input
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        D) Input
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            What percent may diet be accounted for in the risk factor for cancer?  A) 20% B) 30% C) 40% D) 50%
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        B) 30%
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            What treatment would you give to a patient suffering from Pernicious Anemia? A) Vitamin B12 B) Vitamin B C) Vitamin C D) Vitamin D E) Vitamin K12
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        A) Vitamin B12
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            What type of anemia would a patient occur if they have symptoms such as loss of appetite, abdominal pain, atrophic glossitis, icterus, and splenic enlargement?  A) Pernicious anemia B) Folate deficiency anemia C) Iron deficiency anemia D) Sideroblastic anemia
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        A) Pernicious anemia
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            When red blood cells are present in various sizes it is known as: A) poikilocytosis B) anisocytosis C) leukocytosis D) polycythemia
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        B) anisocytosis
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            Which classification of benign tumors arises from Fat A) Chondroma B) Leiomyoma C) Giloma D) Lipoma
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        D) Lipoma
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            Which fact is NOT true about Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemias?  A) "micro" "pale" "RBCs" B) Related to disorders of iron metabolism C) Related to disorders of globin synthesis D) Related to disorders of porphyrin and heme synthesis E) "large" "normal" "RBC"
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        E) "large" "normal" "RBC"
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            Which fact is NOT true about Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemias?  A) Most common type of anemia worldwide B) Signs of spoon-shaped nails, condition called koilonychia C) Signs of pale ear lobes, palms, and conjunctiva D) Commonlycaused by the Ebstein-Barr virus (EBV) - 85% E) Manifestation when serum Hgb decreases to 7 or 8 gm/dl
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        D) Commonlycaused by the Ebstein-Barr virus (EBV) - 85%
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            Which is not a type of benign tumor?  A) Dendrioloma B) Leiomyoma C) Lipoma D) Glioma E) Chondroma
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        A) Dendrioloma
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            Which is not true about anemia?  A) most severe form of malnutrition B) decrease of hemoglobin in the blood C) chronic bleeding resulting in iron deficiency D) needs chemotheraphy
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        D) needs chemotheraphy
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            Which is stage IV cancer? A) spread to regional structures B) no metastasis C) distant metastasis D) local invasion
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        C) distant metastasis
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            Which of the following are considered appropriate treatment for pernicious anemia? A) high doses of vitamin C B) high oral doses of vitamin B12 C) low doses of vitamin A D) low doses of potassium
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        B) high oral doses of vitamin B12
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            Which of the following are normal genes that direct protein synthesis and cellular growth  A) oncogenes B) proto-oncogenes C) tumor-suppressor genes
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        B) proto-oncogenes
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            Which of the following does NOT belong in the 3-step theory of Invasion? A) tumor cell attachment B) degradation or dissolution of the matrix C) locomotion into matrix D) hormonal imbalance of matrix
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        D) hormonal imbalance of matrix
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            Which of the following individuals is at highest risk for developing a vitamin b12 deficiency anemia?  A) a older man who had a gastrectomy surgery B) young woman in second trimester of her first pregnancy C) a young boy who's a picky eater D) older woman with history of gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers
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        A) a older man who had a gastrectomy surgery
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            Which of the following is not a suggested cause of fatigue  A) psychosocial factors B) level of activity C) nutritional status D) environmental factors E) all of the above are suggested causes of fatigue
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        E) all of the above are suggested causes of fatigue
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            Which of the following is not a symptom of infectious mononucleosis?  A) Fever B) Atypical lymphocytes C) Sore Throat D) Chest Pain
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        D) Chest Pain
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            Which of the following is NOT true about Burkitt lymphoma?  A) Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children B) A very fast growing tumor of the jaw C) A virus found in nasopharyngeal secretions of patients D) Infiltrate bone marrow and aggregate into tumor masses in skeletal system E) A very fast growing tumor of the facial bones
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        D) Infiltrate bone marrow and aggregate into tumor masses in skeletal system
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            Which of the following is the most common blood disorder in infancy and childhood?  A) Iron deficiency anemia B) Leukemia C) Sickle cell disease D) Acquired congenital hemolytic anemia
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        A) Iron deficiency anemia
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            Which of the following is the most common type of anemia worldwide?  A) Pernecious Anemia B) Folate Difficiency Anemia C) Iron Difficiency Anemia D) Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemias E) Sideroblastic anemia
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        C) Iron Difficiency Anemia
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            Which one is a normal gene that direct protein synthesis and cellular growth?  A) Proto-oncogenes B) Oncogenes C) Tumor-suppresor genes
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        A) Proto-oncogenes
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            Which one of the following mechanisms does NOT include in local invasion?  A) cellular multiplication B) mechanical pressure C) release of lytic enzymes D) increased cell-to-cell adhesion
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        D) increased cell-to-cell adhesion
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            Which statement is not true about a benign tumor?  A) not invasive B) does not metastasize C) not encapsulated D) grow slowly
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        C) not encapsulated
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            Which type of chemotherapy is usually given after the tumor is remove?  A) induction B) neoadjuvant C) adjuvant
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        C) adjuvant