question

alveol/o

answer

small sac alveolar

question

cac/o

answer

bad cachexia

question

carcin/o

answer

cancer, cancerous carcinoma in situ

question

cauter/o

answer

burn, heat electrocauterization

question

chem/o

answer

chemical, drug chemotherapy

question

cry/o

answer

cold cryosurgery

question

cyst/o

answer

sac of fluid

question

fibr/o

answer

fibers fibrosarcoma

question

follicul/o

answer

small glandular sacs follicular

question

fung/i

answer

fungus, mushroom fungating tumor

question

medull/o

answer

soft, inner part medullary tumor

question

mucos/o

answer

mucous membrane mucositis

question

mut/a

answer

genetic change mutation

question

mutagen/o

answer

causing genetic change mutagenic

question

necr/o

answer

death necrotic

question

onc/o

answer

tumor oncology

question

papill/o

answer

nipple-like papillary

question

pharmac/o

answer

chemical, drug pharmacokinetics

question

plas/o

answer

formation dysplastic

question

ple/o

answer

many, more pleomorphic

question

polyp/o

answer

polyp polypoid tumor

question

prot/o

answer

first protocol

question

radi/o

answer

rays radiation

question

sarc/o

answer

flesh, connective tissue osteosarcoma

question

scirrh/o

answer

hard scirrhous

question

xer/o

answer

dry xerostomia

question

-blastoma

answer

immature tumor retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma

question

-genesis

answer

formation angiogenesis

question

-oma

answer

mass, tumor adenocarcinoma

question

-plasia

answer

formation, growth hyperplasia

question

-plasm

answer

formation, growth neoplasm

question

-suppression

answer

to stop myelosuppression

question

-therapy

answer

treatment radiotherapy

question

ana-

answer

backward anaplasia

question

apo-

answer

off, away

question

brachy-

answer

short (distance) brachytherapy

question

epi-

answer

upon epidermoid

question

meta-

answer

beyond; change metastasis, metaplasia

question

tele-

answer

far teletherapy

question

alveolar

answer

Microscopic description of tumor cell arrangement (found in connective tissue tumors).

question

cachexia

answer

General ill heath and malnutrition (wasting of muscle and emaciation) associated with chronic, severe disease.

question

carcinoma in situ

answer

Localized cancer; confined to the site of origin or encapsulated.

question

electrocauterization

answer

Technique whereby a needle, probe, or loop heated by electric current destroys the target tissue.

question

chemotherapy

answer

Treatment with drugs.

question

cryosurgery

answer

The use of extreme cold (usually liquid nitrogen) to destroy unwanted tissue.

question

cystic tumor

answer

Tumor forms large open spaces filled with fluid.

question

fibrosarcoma

answer

Malignant tumor of fibrous or connective tissue

question

follicular

answer

A microscopic description of cellular arrangement in glandular tumors.

question

fungating tumor

answer

Gross description of tumor growth in which cells pile one on top of another and project from the tissue surface

question

medullary tumor

answer

Large, fleshy tumors.

question

mucositis

answer

Inflammation of mucous membranes; often a side effect of radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

question

mutation

answer

An inheritable change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.Change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may also be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously.

question

mutagenic

answer

Capable of inducing mutation in the DNA of a cell (used mainly of extracellular factors such as X-rays or chemical pollution)

question

necrotic

answer

Pertaining to dead tissue.

question

oncology

answer

Study of tumors.

question

papillary

answer

A microscopic description of tumor cell growth.

question

pharmacokinetics

answer

The study of the distribution and removal of drugs in the body over time.

question

dysplastic

answer

Microscopic description of cells that are highly abnormal but not clearly cancerous.

question

pleomorphic

answer

Microscopic description of tumors that are composed of a variety of cells.

question

polypoid tumor

answer

A growth featuring projections extending outward from a base; Sessile (broad base) or peductulated (stem/stalk).

question

protocol

answer

A protocol is a written plan detailing the procedures to be followed in research and treatment.

question

radiation

answer

Use of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

question

irradiation

answer

Exposure to any form of radiation (ionizing, heat, light, or x-rays).

question

osteoscaroma (osteogenic sarcoma)

answer

Malignant bone tumor.

question

scirrhous

answer

Microscopic description of densely packed, fibrous tumor cell composition.

question

xerostomia

answer

Abnormal dryness of the mouth; common side effect of radiation therapy.

question

retinoblastoma

answer

Childhood cancer arising from immature cells in the retina.

question

neuroblastoma

answer

This sarcoma of the nervous system origin affects infants and children up to 10 years, usually arising in immature tissues of the autonomic nervous system or adrenal medulla.

question

angiogenesis

answer

The formation of new blood vessels

question

adenocarcinoma

answer

malignant tumor of glandular tissue.

question

hyperplasia

answer

Excessive development or abnormal increase in the number of cells.

question

neoplasm

answer

New growth; can be benign or malignant.

question

myelosuppression

answer

Hypoplasia or decreased bone marrow formation of blood cells; leukopenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia.

question

radiotherapy

answer

Ionizing radiation is used to treat malignancies.

question

anaplasia

answer

Loss of structural differentiation within a cell or group of cells often with increased capacity for multiplication, as in a malignant tumor.

question

apoptosis

answer

Programmed cell death.

question

brachytherapy

answer

Radiation delivered in close range to tumor site.

question

epidermoid

answer

Microscopic description of tumor cells that resemble epidermal tissue.

question

metastasis

answer

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site.

question

metaplasia

answer

Abnormal transformation of adult differentiated cells to differentiated tissue of another kind. This change is reversible. An example is the change (from columnar epithelial cells to squamous epithelial cells) that occurs in the respiratory epithelium of habitual cigarette smokers.

question

teletheraphy or external beam radiotherapy

answer

Radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source.

question

tumors or neoplasms

answer

New growths that arise from normal tissue. They may be either malignant or benign.

question

malignant

answer

Capable of invasion and spread to surrounding or more distant sites. They multiply rapidly, are invasive and infiltrative, anaplastic and undifferentiated, and metastatic.

question

benign

answer

Noncancerous, noninvasive and not spreading to other sites. They grow slowly, are often encapsulated and noninvasive, well-differentiated, and nonmetasatic.

question

encapsulated

answer

Contained within a fibrous capsule or cover; benign tumors are encapsulated.

question

invasive

answer

Having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue.

question

infiltrative

answer

Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues.

question

differentiated

answer

Specialized cells.

question

anaplasia

answer

Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type.

question

dedifferentiated or undifferentiated

answer

Loss of differentiation of cells (reverting to a less differentiated state); reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia.

question

hyperchromatic

answer

Stain excessively with dyes that recognize genetic material, (DNA).

question

metastasize

answer

To spread from one location to another in a distant part of the body.

question

metastasis

answer

Spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site; literally beyond (meta-) control (-stasis).

question

carcinogenesis

answer

The transformation from a normal cell to a cancerous one.

question

deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

answer

Genetic material (a sting of coded nucleotides) within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division (mitosis) and protein synthesis.

question

chromosomes

answer

Thread-like structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

question

mitosis

answer

Replication of cells; a stage in a cell's life cycle involving the production of two identical cells from a parent cell.

question

protein synthesis

answer

The production of new proteins controlled by DNA.

question

genes

answer

A unit of DNA that direct the production of all proteins, which in turn control all aspects of cell function.

question

nucleotides

answer

Unit of DNA (gene) composed of sugar, phosphate, and a base. The sequence or arrangement of nucleotides on a gene is the genetic code.

question

ribonucleic acid or RNA

answer

Cellular substance that represents a copy of DNA and directs the formation of new protein inside cells.

question

apoptosis

answer

Programmed cell death. Normal cells undergo apoptosis when damaged or aging. Some cancer cells have lost the ability to undergo apoptosis, and they live forever.

question

carcinogens

answer

Agents that cause cancer; chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses.

question

chemical carcinogens

answer

Found in drugs, hydrocarbons, insecticides, dyes, industrial chemicals, insulation and hormones.

question

hydrocarbons

answer

Substances found in cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoke and automobile exhaust.

question

radiation

answer

Energy carried by a stream of particles such as sunlight, x-rays, and radioactive substances.

question

virus

answer

An infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself.

question

oncogenic viruses

answer

Tumor producing viruses that fall into two categories: RNA viruses and DNA viruses.

question

oncogene

answer

Region of DNA in tumor cells (cellular oncogene) or viruses (viral oncogene) that cause cancer . Oncogenes are designated b a three-letter name, such as abl, erb, jun, myc, ras, and src.

question

RNA viruses

answer

Retroviruses composed of RNA.

question

DNA viruses

answer

Viruses composed of DNA.

question

ras

answer

The oncogene associated with colon cancer.

question

myc

answer

The oncogene associated with lymphoma.

question

abl

answer

The oncogene associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).

question

translocation

answer

When two different chromosomes switching locations.

question

bcr

answer

Breakpoint cluster region.

question

bcr-abl

answer

A chromosome formed from the translocation; the Philadelphia chromosome.

question

retinoblastoma

answer

Tumor arising from a developing retinal cell (a congenital, malignant tumor) usually seen in infants and young children.

question

adenamatous polyposis coli syndrome

answer

Polyps that grow in the colon and rectum; a hereditary cancer susceptibility.

question

suppressor genes

answer

Genes that normally regulate growth, promote differentiation, and suppress oncogenes.

question

genetic screening

answer

Family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene.

question

histogenesis

answer

Identifying the particular type of tissue from which a tumor cells arise. Three major groups are carcinomas, sarcomas, and mixed-tissue tumors.

question

carcinomas

answer

Cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin. Approximately 90% of malignancies are carcinomas.

question

sarcomas

answer

Cancerous tumor derived from connective flesh tissue such as bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, and bone marrow. 5% of malignancies.

question

mixed tissue tumors

answer

Tumors composed of different types of tissue (epithelial as well as connective tissue). Ex: teratoma. 5% of malignancies.

question

adenoma

answer

Benign tumors of epithelial or glandular origin. Ex: gastric adenoma.

question

mesenchymal

answer

Embryonic connective tissue. This is the tissue from which connective tissues (bone, muscle, fat, cartilage) arise

question

carcinoma (in naming tumors)

answer

Malignant tumors of epithelial origin are named by using the term carcinoma and adding the type of tissue in which the tumor occurs. Ex: gastric adenocarcinoma

question

sarcoma (in naming tumors)

answer

Malignant tumors of connective tissue origin are named by using the term sarcoma. Ex: osteosarcoma

question

-oma (in naming tumors)

answer

Usually benign tumors of connective tissue origin are named by adding the suffix -oma to the type of tissue in which the tumor occurs. EX: osteoma

question

leukemias

answer

Tumors derived from bone marrow

question

lymphomas

answer

Tumors derived from immature cells fo the lymphatic system.

question

gliomas

answer

Tumors with origins in glial cells of the brain.

question

neuroblastomas

answer

Tumors developed from embryonic tissue of the nervous system.

question

gross

answer

Visual pathological description that is visualizing with the eyes.

question

cystic (gross description)

answer

Forming large open spaces filled with fluid. Often found in the ovaries.

question

mucinous (gross description)

answer

Tumors filled with mucus.

question

serous (gross description)

answer

Tumors filled with thin, watery, serum-like fluid.

question

fungating (gross description)

answer

Mushrooming pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of another and project from tissue surface. Often found in the colon.

question

inflammatory (gross description)

answer

Having the features of inflammation--that is, redness, swelling, and heat. Often seen in breast cancer.

question

medullary (gross description)

answer

Pertaining to large, soft, fleshy tumors. Often seen in thyroid and breast tumors.

question

necrotic (gross description)

answer

Containing dead tissue.

question

polypoid (gross description)

answer

Growths that are like projections extending outward from a base. Can be sessile or pedunculated.

question

sessile (gross description)

answer

Polypoid tumors that extend from a broad base (no stem).

question

pedunculated (gross description)

answer

Polypoid tumors that extend from a stem or stalk.

question

ulcerating (gross description)

answer

Characterized by an open, exposed surface resulting from the death of overlying tissue. Often found in the stomach, breast, colon, and skin.

question

verrucous (gross description)

answer

Resembling a wart-like growth. Often seen in tumors of the gingiva.

question

microscopic description of tumors

answer

Appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope; alveolar, carcinoma in situ, diffuse, dysplastic, epidermoid, follicular, papillary, pleomorphic, scirrhous, undifferentiated.

question

alveolar (microscopic description)

answer

Tumor cells form patterns resembling small, sacs. commonly found in tumors of muscle, bone, fat, and cartilage.

question

carcinoma in situ (microscopic description)

answer

Referring to localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures.

question

diffuse (microscopic description)

answer

Spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue.

question

dysplastic (microscopic description)

answer

Abnormal-appearing cells, not clearly cancerous.

question

epidermoid (microscopic description)

answer

Resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin, plate-like).

question

follicular (microscopic description)

answer

Forming small glandular sacs.

question

papillary (microscopic description)

answer

Forming small, finger-like or nipple-like projections of cells.

question

pleomorphic (microscopic description)

answer

Composed of a variety of types of cells.

question

scirrhous (microscopic description)

answer

Densely packed tumors, containing dense bands of fibrous tissue.

question

undifferentiated (microscopic description)

answer

Lacking microscopic structures typical of normal mature cells.

question

grading (of tumors) system

answer

Evaluating the degree of maturity or indication of malignant transformation.

question

grade

answer

The degree of a cancer's maturity or differentiation under the microscope.

question

stage

answer

The extent of a cancer's spread within the body.

question

Grade I

answer

Tumors are very well differentiated, so that they closely resemble cells from the normal parent tissue of origin.

question

Grade II - III

answer

Tumors that are intermediate in appearance, moderately or poorly differentiated, as opposed to well differentiated (grade I) and undifferentiated (grade IV).

question

Grade IV

answer

Tumors that are so undifferentiated or neoplastic that even recognition of the tissue of origin may be difficult.

question

Papanicolaou or Pap smear

answer

Preventative screening test that analyzes body fluids from the uterine cervix, tracheal secretions, or stomach secretions.

question

staging (of tumors)

answer

System of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors. An example is the TNM system (tumor-node-metastasis).

question

TNM International Staging System

answer

In this system: - T (tumor) specified the size and degree of local extensions of the tumor - N (nodes) is the number of regional lymph nodes that have been invaded by tumor - M (metastases) specifies the presence or absence of metastases (spread to distant sites) Numbers indicate degree of involvement with 0 = undetectable and 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicating progressive increase in size or involvement.

question

surgical procedures to treat cancer

answer

Methods of removing cancerous tissue; cryosurgery, cauterization, en bloc resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy.

question

major modalities

answer

Method of treatment such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and biological therapy. Each modality may be used alone but are often combined.

question

debulking procedure

answer

If the tumor is attached to a vital organ and cannot be completely removed, as much of the tissue is removed and the patient receives adjuvant radiation and or chemotherapy.

question

adjuvant therapy

answer

Assisting primary treatment. Drugs are given early in the course of treatment, along with surgery or radiation to attack deposits of cancer cells that may be too small to be detected by diagnostic techniques.

question

cauterization (surgery)

answer

Process of burning tissue to destroy it.

question

core needle biopsy (surgery)

answer

Placement of a large-bore needle that extracts a thin core of tissue.

question

cryosurgery (surgery)

answer

Use of subfreezing temperature to destroy tissue.

question

en block resection (surgery)

answer

Tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes.

question

excisional biopsy (surgery)

answer

Removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue.

question

fine needle aspiration (surgery)

answer

Placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extracting cells for microscopic evaluation.

question

fulguration (surgery)

answer

Destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by high-frequency current.

question

incisional biopsy (surgery)

answer

A Piece of tumor is removed for examination and to establish a diagnosis.

question

laparotomy

answer

Large surgical incision into the abdominal wall (to determine extent of staging)

question

exenteration

answer

Wide resection involving removal of the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space

question

radiation therapy or RT

answer

The goal of RT is to deliver a maximal dose of ionizing radiation to tumor tissue and a minimal dose to surrounding normal tissue.

question

protons

answer

Atomic particles.

question

irradiation

answer

Exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays.

question

brachytherapy (radiation)

answer

A permanent or temporary implantation of small, sealed containers (seeds) of radioactive material directly into the tumor or in a cavity of the tumor.

question

electron beams (radiation)

answer

Low-energy beams for treatment of skin or surface tumors.

question

external beam irradiation or teletherapy (radiation)

answer

Radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distance source (linear accelerator)

question

fields

answer

Dimensions of the area of the body undergoing radiation.

question

fractionation (radiation)

answer

Giving radiation in small, repeated doses.

question

gray or Gy

answer

Unit of absorbed radiation dose.

question

linear accelerator (radiation)

answer

Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors.

question

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy or IMRT

answer

High doses of radiation are delivered directly to cancer cells in a targeted way, more precisely than in conventional radiotherapy.

question

conformal radiation therapy

answer

A newer type of radiation treatment that uses a special computer to help shape the beam of radiation to match the shape of the tumor.

question

phonton therapy (radiation)

answer

Radiation therapy using energy in the from of x-ryas or gamma rays.

question

proton therapy (radiation)

answer

Subatomic positively charged particles (protons) produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body.

question

radiocurable tumor

answer

Tumor that is completely destroyed by radiation therapy.

question

radioresistant tumor

answer

Tumor that requires large doses of radiation to be destroyed.

question

radiosensitive tumor

answer

Tumor in which radiation can cause death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissues (morbidity).

question

morbidity

answer

Condition of being unwell; deficient in normal function.

question

proton sterotactic radiosurgery or PSRS

answer

page 808

question

radiosensitizers (radiation)

answer

Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays.

question

simulation (radiation)

answer

Study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before RT is given.

question

stereotactic radiosurgery (radiation)

answer

Delivery of dose of radiation under steriotactic (highly precise) guidance (Gamma Knife surgery).

question

palliative

answer

Relieving but not curing symptoms.

question

alopecia (side effect of radiotherapy or chemotherapy)

answer

Baldness; may be permanent or temporary.

question

fibrosis (side effect of radiotherapy)

answer

Increase in connective tissue in normal tissues.

question

mucositis (side effect of radiotherapy)

answer

Inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes.

question

myelosuppression (side effect of radiotherapy)

answer

Bone marrow depression; anemia, leulopenia, and thrombocytopenia.

question

nausea and vomiting (side effect of radiotherapy)

answer

A reaction originating in the brain or gastrointestinal tract.

question

pneumonitis (side effect of radiotherapy)

answer

Inflammation of lungs

question

xerostomia (side effect of radiotherapy)

answer

dryness of the mouth

question

pharmacokinetics

answer

Study of the distribution in and the removal of drugs from the body's bloodstream and tissues over time (in humans and animals).

question

clinical trials

answer

Research studies designed to find treatments that work for patients. The studies follow a predefined protocol and are divided into four phases.

question

alkylating agents (chemotherapy)

answer

Synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that attack DNA, causing strand breaks.

question

antibiotics (chemotherapy)

answer

Chemical substances, produced by bacteria or primitive plants. They inhibit the growth of cells.

question

antimetabolites (chemotherapy)

answer

Chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA.

question

antimitotics (chemotherapy)

answer

Drugs that block mitosis (cell division). Taxol is an antimitotic used to treat breast and ovarian cancers.

question

hormonal agents

answer

Chemicals used to create orchiectomy (hormone removal) with the purpose of promoting tumor regression.

question

estrogen receptor assay

answer

Blood test for a type of protein present on some breast cancer cells to which estrogen attaches.

question

tamoxifen

answer

An antiestrogen drug.

question

flutamide

answer

Blocks androgen action and causes the regression of prostate cancer.

question

aromatase inhibitiors

answer

Prevent conversion of androgen to estrogen and starve breast tumors of their estrogen supply in postmenopausal women. Ex: anastrozole

question

molecularly targeted drugs

answer

Anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in specific tumor cells.

question

gleevec

answer

Imatinib mesylate which blocks the bcr-abl tyrosine kinase in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells; it is he first drug of this type approved for cancer.

question

tarceva

answer

Erlotinib; is a drug for lung cancer that blocks epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

question

angiogenesis

answer

Process of forming new blood vessels.

question

vascular endothelial growth factor or VEGF

answer

A protein secreted by tumors which stimulates the formation of new vessels.

question

antiangiogenic drugs

answer

These drugs interfere with angiogensesis. Examples are Avastin (bevacizumab), Nexavar (sorabenib), and Sutent (sunitinib).

question

biological therapy

answer

Use of the body's own defenses to destroy tumor cells.

question

biological response modifiers (biological therapy)

answer

Substances produced by normal cells that either directly block tumor growth or stimulate the immune system to fight cancer. Examples are interferons (made by lymphocytes), monoclonal antibodies (made by mouse or human immune cells capable of binding to human tumors, colony-stimulation factors that stimulate blood-forming cells to combat the myelosuppressive side effects of chemotherapy, and interleukins that stimulate the immune system to destroy tumors.

question

differentiating agents (biological therapy)

answer

Drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing, and die.

question

cellular oncogenes

answer

Pieces of DNA that, when activated by mutations or by dislocation, can cause a normal cell to become malignant.

question

combination chemotherapy

answer

Use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors.

question

modality

answer

Method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation.

question

relapse

answer

Recurrence of a tumor after treatment.

question

remission

answer

partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease.

question

solid tumor

answer

Tumor composed of a mass of cells.

question

sterotactic radiosurgery

answer

Delivery of a dose of radiation under sterotactic (highly precise) guidance (Gamma Knife surgery).

question

steroids

answer

Complex, naturally occurring chemicals derived from cholesterol. Some are used in cancer therapy.

question

viral oncogens

answer

Pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant.

question

cytogenetic analysis

answer

Chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of DNA.

question

immunohistochemistry

answer

Localizing antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies.

question

protein marker tests

answer

Measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells.

question

bone marrow biopsy

answer

Aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope for evidence of malignant cells.

question

bone marrow or stem cell transplantation

answer

Bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient.

question

autologous marrow transplantation

answer

Uses marrow previously obtained from the patient and stored until needed.

question

allogeneic marrow transplantation

answer

Marrow is obtained from a living donor other than the recipient.

question

peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

answer

Immature bone cells (stem cells) are selected and harvested from the blood of a patient instead of from the bone marrow.

question

fiberoptic colonoscopy

answer

Visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument.

question

exfoliative cytology

answer

Cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope.

question

laparoscopy or peritoneoscopy

answer

Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope.

question

mammography

answer

X-ray examination of the breast to detect breast cancer.

question

needle (core) biopsy

answer

Insertion of a large-bore needed into tissue to remove a core of cells for microscopic examination.

question

radionuclide scans

answer

Radioactive substances (radionuclides) are injected intravenously and scans (images) or organs are obtained.

question

BMT

answer

bone marrow transplantation

question

bx

answer

biopsy

question

CA

answer

cancer

question

CEA

answer

carcinoembryonic antigen

question

chemo

answer

chemotherapy

question

CR

answer

complete response--disappearance of all tumor

question

CSF

answer

colony-stimulating factor Examples: G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) and GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)

question

DNA

answer

deoxyribonucleic acid

question

EGFR

answer

epidermal growth factor receptor

question

ER

answer

estrogen receptor

question

EPO

answer

erythropoietin; promotes growth of red blood cells

question

FNA

answer

fine needle aspiration

question

GIST

answer

gastrointestinal stromal tumor

question

HNPCC

answer

hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

question

IGRT

answer

intensity-modulated gated radiation therapy--use of imaging mechanism attached to linear accelerator is added to IMRT to gate (track) a tumor moving during respiration

question

IHC

answer

immunohistochemistry

question

IMRT

answer

intensity-modulated radiation therapy--high doses of radiation are delivered directly to cancer cells in a targeted way, more precisely than in conventional radiotherapy.

question

IORT

answer

intraoperative radiation therapy

question

mets

answer

metastases

question

MoAb

answer

monoclonal antibody

question

NED

answer

no evidence of disease

question

NHL

answer

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

question

NSCLC

answer

non-small cell lung cancer

question

Pap smear

answer

Papanicolaou smear

question

PD

answer

progressive disease--tumor increases in size

question

PR

answer

partial response--tumor is one half its original size

question

prot.

answer

protocol

question

PSA

answer

prostate-specific antigen

question

PSCT

answer

peripheral stem cell transplantation

question

PSRS

answer

proton sterotactic radiosurgery

question

RNA

answer

ribonucleic acid

question

RT

answer

radiation therapy

question

SD

answer

stable disease--tumor does not shrink but does not grow

question

TNM

answer

tumor, nodes, metastases

question

XRT, RT

answer

radiation therapy

question

erythema (side effect of radiotherapy)

answer

redness of the skin

C19 Chabner – Medical Terminology Oncology TERMS plus QUIZ STUDY – Flashcards

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