question

Data is _______ _________ without further meaning.

answer

raw facts

question

Information is data that an Information System (IS) has ________________ into meaningful information.

answer

transformed

question

Good Information Chracteristics

answer

Accurate (free from errors), Timely (available when needed), Relevant (appropriate), Sufficient (the right amount), Reliable Cost-Effective (cost doesn't outweigh benefits).

question

Two types of Information decisions

answer

Structured - follows a formula Unstructured - possibly several answers would work

question

Managerial Information Systems

answer

Executive - highly summarized Managerial - tactical decision making based upon Exec. Operational - Structured, detailed

question

Five Component Parts in Information System

answer

Hardware, Software, Data, Procedures, People (Howard, Saw, Dana, Poke, Peter)

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Information Granularity

answer

Course - Highly Summarized, usually a report. Fine - Highly detailed useful for low level managers

question

3 Roles in Information Systems

answer

Computer User - Basic, can operated the system Super User - Understands the IS and how it works Expert User - Can operate, train and convert old to new

question

Business Process

answer

is a network of activities, repositories, roles, resources and flows (series of steps) that interact to accomplish a business function.

question

Fully Automated Process

answer

network of IS takes inventory, reduces stock, tracks buying trends and identifies times to reorder. (Walmart)

question

Partially Automated Process

answer

Staff counts inventory, inputs inventory in spreadsheet or data collection tool and executes a purchase electronically. (small grocery)

question

Fully Manual Process

answer

items manually weighed, sold, and verbally providing the customer the price. (Farmers Market)

question

Business Process Engineering Phases

answer

Create As-Is, Create Components, Implement Process, Assess Results

question

Business Process Engineering - Phase 1

answer

Create an As-Is Model. Ensures understanding of the Current Process

question

Business Process Engineering - Phase 2

answer

Create the Components (Hw, Sw, Data, Proc. People)

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Business Process Engineering - Phase 3

answer

Implement the processes, which should be more efficient, streamlines, and easier than the old process.

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Business Process Engineering - Phase 4

answer

Assess the results, to monitor the effectiveness of the new processes.

question

Process Modeling

answer

a graphic representation, using process modeling notation, of how data flow and how activities are related in an organization.

question

Process Modeling Symbol - Rectangle

answer

Activity

question

Process Modeling Symbol - Diamond

answer

Decision / Gateway

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Process Modeling Symbol - Page

answer

Data

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Process Modeling Symbol - Dashed Line

answer

Data Flows

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Process Modeling Symbol - Solid Line

answer

Control Flows

question

Components of the Business Process

answer

Activities, Resources, Facilities, Data Flows

question

What are Facilities

answer

storage areas (warehouses or Databases)

question

Organizational Strategy

answer

the alignment of a companies planning, decisions, and actions to enable it to reach its goals, mission, objectives

question

2 reasons why organizations create information systems

answer

1. obtain its goals, objectives or mission. 2. solve a major problem or meet a challenge

question

Michael Porter's Five Forces Model - Reasons

answer

1. better understand the industry 2. determine how attractive the prospect of starting a business in a given industry. 3. how to conduct a successful business in a given industry

question

Porter's Five Forces 1

answer

Rivalry

question

Porter's Five Forces 2

answer

Threat of Substitution -

question

Porter's Five Forces 3

answer

Customer Bargaining Power - customer influence

question

Porter's Five Forces 4

answer

Supplier's Power - influence from a supplier

question

Porter's Five Forces 5

answer

Threat of New Entrant

question

Porter's Generic Strategies Model Reasoning

answer

1. Businesses leverage their strengths to select the strategy for best success 2. identify the best way to operate

question

Porter's Generic Strategies 1

answer

Broad Cost Leadership - Across a industry

question

Porter's Generic Strategies 2

answer

Broad Differentiation - Unique

question

Porter's Generic Strategies 3

answer

Narrow Cost Leadership

question

Porter's Generic Strategies 4

answer

Narrow Differentiation

question

Broad Cost Leadership Strategy

answer

reduced overall production/distribution cost, and appeal to cost-conscious customers. Lower prices (maintaining value (cost/quality)

question

Broad Differentiation Strategy

answer

products stand out, customers willing to pay premium price. Focus on satisfying under-served needs.

question

Narrow Cost Leadership Strategy

answer

focus on cost behavior on a smaller segment (southwest - only in certain markets and one type of aircraft)

question

Narrow Differentiation Strategy

answer

focus on one market segment (ferrari targets high performance car enthusiasts)

question

Value Chain

answer

network of value creating activities with primary activities that create value and secondary activities that indirectly contribute to value creation

question

Value Chain - Primary Activites

answer

Inbound Logistics, Operations, Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales, Service

question

Value Chain - Secondary Activities

answer

Procurement, Human Resources, Technological Development, Infrastructure

question

Advantages using Value Chain Analysis

answer

Identify inefficiencies, enhancing activities, modifying activities, identifying weak information systems

question

Approaching an IS using Porter's model - steps

answer

1. Five Forces - understanding of the forces the company faces in the industry 2. generic strategies - organization develop the best way to compete. 3. Value Chain - enables the org to break down processes to look for opportunities.

question

Tasks to Determine Requirements - System Development

answer

1. Cooperate 2. Identify Expectations 3. Examine Previous Work 4. Ask Questions

question

The _____ a project the harder it is to change

answer

Larger

question

Budgeting Factors - Tools to Determine System Cost

answer

Cost Benefit Analysis Cost Projection Examining Past Projects and their Costs

question

Outsourcing Advantages

answer

1. Management Advantage 2. Cost Reduction (initially) 3. Risk Reduction (initially)

question

Outsourcing Disadvantages

answer

1. Loss of Control 2. Benefits eventually outweighed by overall cost 3. No Easy Exit

question

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

answer

a rigid, phased approach to system development. Usually offers a high chance for success.

question

Tools in System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)`

answer

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) - outline view of tasks ordered by phases. Gantt Chart - displays tasks and dependencies

question

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Strengths

answer

1. Able to monitor and maintain control over large projects 2. detailed phases 3. Good documentation 4.Great input into requirements 5. Easy System Maintenance 6. Staff changes do not impact development

question

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Weaknesses

answer

1. Longer Development time 2. Higher Cost 3. needs well-defined systems at the beginning 4. Rigid Process 5. difficulty estimating scheduling and budgeting 6. Limited user input

question

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phases

answer

Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementing, Maintenance

question

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phase 1

answer

Planning - define the scope - conduct feasibility studies - form a project team

question

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phase 2

answer

Analysis - identify system requirements - identify system object requirements - identify system security requirements - identify personnel procedures - create a data model

question

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phase 3

answer

Design - HW - SW - DB - Create job descriptions - Create system procedures

question

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phase 4

answer

Implementation - Build the system - test the system - - - Unit Test - - - User Test - Conversion - - - Parallel - - - Pilot - - - Plunge - Training

question

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phase 5

answer

Maintenance - Resolve request for revisions - Addressing reported problems - Issuing Patches

question

Prototyping

answer

building a preliminary model of a proposed finished system / temporary systems that don't include all functionality

question

Prototyping advantages

answer

1. Development time / cost is reduced 2. Systems likely to fulfill user requirements 3. User involvement provide valueable feedback 4. Users adapt easily to finished system

question

Prototyping Disadvantages

answer

1. Users use prototypes as final systems 2. Documentation is incomplete 3. expectations are high and lead to disappointment of final system 4. prototyping can not accommodate large amounts of users

question

Prototyping Steps

answer

1. Identify 2. Develop 3. Test 4. Refine

question

Prototyping is an __________ approach

answer

iterative

question

Object Orientated Development (OOD) is _________ System

answer

unstructured

question

Polymorphism

answer

ability to appear in different forms (object appearing as a subobject)

question

Encapsulation

answer

act of storing data and procedures together in an object

question

Inheritance

answer

allows an object to inherit properties from objects in different classes

question

Classes

answer

collections of similar objects that can contain subclasses

question

Objects

answer

entities that can interact with one another

question

Object Orientated Development (OOD) Advantages

answer

1. Code is modified easily using other objects 2. objects are reusable 3. objects are modular 4. Security is easy to set in program code

question

Object Orientated Development (OOD) Disadvantages

answer

1. Code is difficult to read and understand 2. OOD is ineffective at representing non-objects 3. it takes longer to execute routines 4. fewer functions 5. not user friendly 6. extensive evaluation and monitoring

question

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

answer

a methodology that enables a rapid development process for systems while maintaining an acceptable level of quality.

question

Rapid Application Development (RAD) Qualities

answer

- Accomplished in small groups - prototyping and iterative testing - reuses software components - uses visual programming - 80/20

question

Rapid Application Development (RAD) develops softaware by ________ and ________ existing software components into a new system

answer

assembling, integrating (Component based Development)

question

Rapid Application Development (RAD) Life Cycle

answer

1. Requirements Planning 2. User Design 3. Construction 4. Implementation

question

Rapid Application Development (RAD) Advantages

answer

1. Good when scope is limited 2. Good when requirements are not complex 3. Quick response 4. Flexible 5. Extensive User Participation 6. Fast

question

Rapid Application Development (RAD) Disadvantages

answer

1. less scalable, may not contain all the features 2. more costly 3. quality problems 4. needs not adequately met 5. less efficient 6. Prone to Problems

question

Agile Systems Methodology Advantages

answer

1. breaks tasks into small increments with minimal planning -no long term planning 2. Iterations are short time frames (1-to 4 weeks) - - Each iteration involve planning, requirements analysis, design, coding, unit testing, and acceptance testing. 3. Small crossfunctional teams 4. Face to Face communications / Stand-Up Meetings 5. Working software is the primary measure of progress. 6. More adaptive to project changes than predictive.

question

Agile Systems Methodology is based on...

answer

iterative and incremental development.

question

Extreme Programming (XP) is

answer

customer-driven, agile process

question

Extreme Programming (XP) response well to changes because....

answer

of checkpoints that enable customer feedback and review

question

Extreme Programming (XP) 12 core practices

answer

1. Customer Defines application with User Stories 2. XP team puts small code into production 3. xp use common system names and descriptions 4. simply written, object orientated code meets requirements 5. wirtes automated uint tests upfront uses through out the process. 6. frequent revise and edit of unit code (Refactoring)

question

Extreme Programming (XP) 12 core practices (part 2)

answer

7. Pair Programming 8. Collective Ownership of code 9. integrate code and save to repository every couple hours 10. programmers work full time 11. Customer Rep onsite through out development 12. common coding structure

question

Extreme Programming (XP) Phases

answer

1. Planning 2. Designing 3. Coding 4. Testing 5. Listening Please, Don't, Chew, The, Line

question

XP Advantages

answer

1. A focus on Programming code for quick delivery of features 2. A quality methodology for smaller systems, resulting in low cost compared with other methodologies 3. Simple design, because each feature is coded, tested, and implemented independent of other functionalities 4. Continuous testing for ensuring quality feature development 5. Robustness, because each feature is listed along with a cost estimate for organizations to rank feature development 6. Resilience, because changes can be made late in the system's development life cycle, incorporated into development, and used without going back to an earlier phase as in other methodologies 7. Reduced risk in Programming and coding because two programmers work on each feature: one writing code and one testing it 8. High employee satisfaction because of users' intense involvement during the entire development process 9. The ability to add features at any time during the development process without negatively affecting development

question

XP Disadvantages

answer

1. Scant documentation because of the lack of design-centered approach usually followed in larger systems development projects 2. The potential for user conflicts to bog down the development when agreements are hard to reach 3. Unstable requirements because of the lack of a formal requirements analysis before design and Programming are done 4. Limited overall design specifications because features are designed as needed. 5. Methodology geared toward single projects; not good for large projects 6. Does not work well when scalability issues exist because they cannot be integrated with other programs later 7. Constant contact with the customer is assumed, which can be difficult to ensure if users are ambivalent or do not want to be a part of the development team

question

Systems-Type Audit

answer

ensures an org system and applications are appropriate and contrlled to maintain security and reliability

question

Process-Type Audit

answer

includes a risk analysis of new and existing projects to determine how organizations compare

question

Successful management of IS......

answer

1. keeps systems from being obsolete 2. integrating systems to avoid duplication 3. strategic approach 4. data integrity without duplication, inconsistencies and errors

question

Chief Information Officer (CIO)

answer

highest ranking exec, responsible for all IS within the org.

question

IS Departments

answer

Technology, Operations, Development Outsourcing, Data Admin

question

IS (or IT) departments responsible for...

answer

User ID, Granting access and permissions, ensuring systems have data integrity, managing the security of data.

question

Ethics are...

answer

moral guidelines in organizations.

question

2 questions in ethics

answer

1. was harm done to anyone 2. did someone gain an undeserved advantage from the behavior.

question

Approaches to Managing Ethics

answer

1. Informal Approach - address as occurs 2. General Written Procedures 3. Written Code of Ethics 4. Top down Ethics Approach

question

Important Steps in Promoting Ethics

answer

1. Inform employees about policies and procedures 2. incorporate ethics in all areas of the organization 3. train employees how to recognize unethical behavior 4. help avoid circumstances 5. Hold Formal Training

question

Threats to Information System

answer

1. Unintentional 2. intentional

question

Types of Threats

answer

1. Natural 2. Human 3. Environmental 4. Physical 5. Technical

question

Aspects to consider in a security plan

answer

1. Hardware Security 2. Software Security 3. Data Security 4. People Security

question

Physical Safegards

answer

1. ID Badges 2. Cubical Design 3. Shredder

question

Acts of Congress that require Data backups

answer

1. Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2. HIPPA 3. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)

question

Types of Media for Backups

answer

1. Optical 2. Semiconductor 3. Magnetic 4. Cloud

question

Organizations spend ____% of their IT budget on disaster recovery

answer

2-4%

question

Disaster Recovery Plans (DRP) Objectives

answer

1. decrease risk of disaster 2. decrease probability of disaster 3. decrease insurance premiums 4. protect assets 5. reduce dependencies on human decision making 6. organization stability 7. improve employee safety

question

Disaster Recovery Plans (DRP) Steps

answer

1. Select DRP Team - entire organization 2. conduct a risk analysis 3. identify recovery options 4. Create a DRP strategy - - - key contacts - - - HW / SW considerations - - - Data Files - - - Communications and Infrastructure - - - Org Facilities - - - Hot / Cold Sites

question

Types of protected data

answer

1. Business Financial Data 2. Personally Identifiable Information (Customer Data)

question

Data Safeguards should ensure

answer

1. Confidentiality 2. Integrity 3. Availability

question

If you are aware / witness a security compromise or breach

answer

1. protect company and customer 2. identify offender 3. limit damage 4. alert customers 5. help in the resolution of security incidents. 6. enable policies and procedures to be effective.

question

Problem Management Benefits

answer

1. Reduce number of errors/incidents 2. Quality of Service Improves 3. Increased Organizational Knowledge 4. Proactive problem management

question

Proactive

answer

work done to resolve issues before they are reported

question

Reactive

answer

customer initiates problem solving, contacting customer support

question

Problem Management Steps -

answer

1. Record 2. Classify / Categorize 3. Check the incident against known issues. 4. Track Progress 5. Provide closure

question

Change Management Stages

answer

1. Acceptance and Filtering 2. Classification 3. Formal Approval 4. Building, Testing and Implementing 5. Post Implementation Review

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