C179 Study Guide – Fill in the Blanks – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Data is _______ _________ without further meaning.
answer
raw facts
question
Information is data that an Information System (IS) has ________________ into meaningful information.
answer
transformed
question
Good Information Chracteristics
answer
Accurate (free from errors), Timely (available when needed), Relevant (appropriate), Sufficient (the right amount), Reliable Cost-Effective (cost doesn't outweigh benefits).
question
Two types of Information decisions
answer
Structured - follows a formula Unstructured - possibly several answers would work
question
Managerial Information Systems
answer
Executive - highly summarized Managerial - tactical decision making based upon Exec. Operational - Structured, detailed
question
Five Component Parts in Information System
answer
Hardware, Software, Data, Procedures, People (Howard, Saw, Dana, Poke, Peter)
question
Information Granularity
answer
Course - Highly Summarized, usually a report. Fine - Highly detailed useful for low level managers
question
3 Roles in Information Systems
answer
Computer User - Basic, can operated the system Super User - Understands the IS and how it works Expert User - Can operate, train and convert old to new
question
Business Process
answer
is a network of activities, repositories, roles, resources and flows (series of steps) that interact to accomplish a business function.
question
Fully Automated Process
answer
network of IS takes inventory, reduces stock, tracks buying trends and identifies times to reorder. (Walmart)
question
Partially Automated Process
answer
Staff counts inventory, inputs inventory in spreadsheet or data collection tool and executes a purchase electronically. (small grocery)
question
Fully Manual Process
answer
items manually weighed, sold, and verbally providing the customer the price. (Farmers Market)
question
Business Process Engineering Phases
answer
Create As-Is, Create Components, Implement Process, Assess Results
question
Business Process Engineering - Phase 1
answer
Create an As-Is Model. Ensures understanding of the Current Process
question
Business Process Engineering - Phase 2
answer
Create the Components (Hw, Sw, Data, Proc. People)
question
Business Process Engineering - Phase 3
answer
Implement the processes, which should be more efficient, streamlines, and easier than the old process.
question
Business Process Engineering - Phase 4
answer
Assess the results, to monitor the effectiveness of the new processes.
question
Process Modeling
answer
a graphic representation, using process modeling notation, of how data flow and how activities are related in an organization.
question
Process Modeling Symbol - Rectangle
answer
Activity
question
Process Modeling Symbol - Diamond
answer
Decision / Gateway
question
Process Modeling Symbol - Page
answer
Data
question
Process Modeling Symbol - Dashed Line
answer
Data Flows
question
Process Modeling Symbol - Solid Line
answer
Control Flows
question
Components of the Business Process
answer
Activities, Resources, Facilities, Data Flows
question
What are Facilities
answer
storage areas (warehouses or Databases)
question
Organizational Strategy
answer
the alignment of a companies planning, decisions, and actions to enable it to reach its goals, mission, objectives
question
2 reasons why organizations create information systems
answer
1. obtain its goals, objectives or mission. 2. solve a major problem or meet a challenge
question
Michael Porter's Five Forces Model - Reasons
answer
1. better understand the industry 2. determine how attractive the prospect of starting a business in a given industry. 3. how to conduct a successful business in a given industry
question
Porter's Five Forces 1
answer
Rivalry
question
Porter's Five Forces 2
answer
Threat of Substitution -
question
Porter's Five Forces 3
answer
Customer Bargaining Power - customer influence
question
Porter's Five Forces 4
answer
Supplier's Power - influence from a supplier
question
Porter's Five Forces 5
answer
Threat of New Entrant
question
Porter's Generic Strategies Model Reasoning
answer
1. Businesses leverage their strengths to select the strategy for best success 2. identify the best way to operate
question
Porter's Generic Strategies 1
answer
Broad Cost Leadership - Across a industry
question
Porter's Generic Strategies 2
answer
Broad Differentiation - Unique
question
Porter's Generic Strategies 3
answer
Narrow Cost Leadership
question
Porter's Generic Strategies 4
answer
Narrow Differentiation
question
Broad Cost Leadership Strategy
answer
reduced overall production/distribution cost, and appeal to cost-conscious customers. Lower prices (maintaining value (cost/quality)
question
Broad Differentiation Strategy
answer
products stand out, customers willing to pay premium price. Focus on satisfying under-served needs.
question
Narrow Cost Leadership Strategy
answer
focus on cost behavior on a smaller segment (southwest - only in certain markets and one type of aircraft)
question
Narrow Differentiation Strategy
answer
focus on one market segment (ferrari targets high performance car enthusiasts)
question
Value Chain
answer
network of value creating activities with primary activities that create value and secondary activities that indirectly contribute to value creation
question
Value Chain - Primary Activites
answer
Inbound Logistics, Operations, Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales, Service
question
Value Chain - Secondary Activities
answer
Procurement, Human Resources, Technological Development, Infrastructure
question
Advantages using Value Chain Analysis
answer
Identify inefficiencies, enhancing activities, modifying activities, identifying weak information systems
question
Approaching an IS using Porter's model - steps
answer
1. Five Forces - understanding of the forces the company faces in the industry 2. generic strategies - organization develop the best way to compete. 3. Value Chain - enables the org to break down processes to look for opportunities.
question
Tasks to Determine Requirements - System Development
answer
1. Cooperate 2. Identify Expectations 3. Examine Previous Work 4. Ask Questions
question
The _____ a project the harder it is to change
answer
Larger
question
Budgeting Factors - Tools to Determine System Cost
answer
Cost Benefit Analysis Cost Projection Examining Past Projects and their Costs
question
Outsourcing Advantages
answer
1. Management Advantage 2. Cost Reduction (initially) 3. Risk Reduction (initially)
question
Outsourcing Disadvantages
answer
1. Loss of Control 2. Benefits eventually outweighed by overall cost 3. No Easy Exit
question
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
answer
a rigid, phased approach to system development. Usually offers a high chance for success.
question
Tools in System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)`
answer
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) - outline view of tasks ordered by phases. Gantt Chart - displays tasks and dependencies
question
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Strengths
answer
1. Able to monitor and maintain control over large projects 2. detailed phases 3. Good documentation 4.Great input into requirements 5. Easy System Maintenance 6. Staff changes do not impact development
question
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Weaknesses
answer
1. Longer Development time 2. Higher Cost 3. needs well-defined systems at the beginning 4. Rigid Process 5. difficulty estimating scheduling and budgeting 6. Limited user input
question
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phases
answer
Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementing, Maintenance
question
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phase 1
answer
Planning - define the scope - conduct feasibility studies - form a project team
question
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phase 2
answer
Analysis - identify system requirements - identify system object requirements - identify system security requirements - identify personnel procedures - create a data model
question
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phase 3
answer
Design - HW - SW - DB - Create job descriptions - Create system procedures
question
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phase 4
answer
Implementation - Build the system - test the system - - - Unit Test - - - User Test - Conversion - - - Parallel - - - Pilot - - - Plunge - Training
question
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phase 5
answer
Maintenance - Resolve request for revisions - Addressing reported problems - Issuing Patches
question
Prototyping
answer
building a preliminary model of a proposed finished system / temporary systems that don't include all functionality
question
Prototyping advantages
answer
1. Development time / cost is reduced 2. Systems likely to fulfill user requirements 3. User involvement provide valueable feedback 4. Users adapt easily to finished system
question
Prototyping Disadvantages
answer
1. Users use prototypes as final systems 2. Documentation is incomplete 3. expectations are high and lead to disappointment of final system 4. prototyping can not accommodate large amounts of users
question
Prototyping Steps
answer
1. Identify 2. Develop 3. Test 4. Refine
question
Prototyping is an __________ approach
answer
iterative
question
Object Orientated Development (OOD) is _________ System
answer
unstructured
question
Polymorphism
answer
ability to appear in different forms (object appearing as a subobject)
question
Encapsulation
answer
act of storing data and procedures together in an object
question
Inheritance
answer
allows an object to inherit properties from objects in different classes
question
Classes
answer
collections of similar objects that can contain subclasses
question
Objects
answer
entities that can interact with one another
question
Object Orientated Development (OOD) Advantages
answer
1. Code is modified easily using other objects 2. objects are reusable 3. objects are modular 4. Security is easy to set in program code
question
Object Orientated Development (OOD) Disadvantages
answer
1. Code is difficult to read and understand 2. OOD is ineffective at representing non-objects 3. it takes longer to execute routines 4. fewer functions 5. not user friendly 6. extensive evaluation and monitoring
question
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
answer
a methodology that enables a rapid development process for systems while maintaining an acceptable level of quality.
question
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Qualities
answer
- Accomplished in small groups - prototyping and iterative testing - reuses software components - uses visual programming - 80/20
question
Rapid Application Development (RAD) develops softaware by ________ and ________ existing software components into a new system
answer
assembling, integrating (Component based Development)
question
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Life Cycle
answer
1. Requirements Planning 2. User Design 3. Construction 4. Implementation
question
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Advantages
answer
1. Good when scope is limited 2. Good when requirements are not complex 3. Quick response 4. Flexible 5. Extensive User Participation 6. Fast
question
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Disadvantages
answer
1. less scalable, may not contain all the features 2. more costly 3. quality problems 4. needs not adequately met 5. less efficient 6. Prone to Problems
question
Agile Systems Methodology Advantages
answer
1. breaks tasks into small increments with minimal planning -no long term planning 2. Iterations are short time frames (1-to 4 weeks) - - Each iteration involve planning, requirements analysis, design, coding, unit testing, and acceptance testing. 3. Small crossfunctional teams 4. Face to Face communications / Stand-Up Meetings 5. Working software is the primary measure of progress. 6. More adaptive to project changes than predictive.
question
Agile Systems Methodology is based on...
answer
iterative and incremental development.
question
Extreme Programming (XP) is
answer
customer-driven, agile process
question
Extreme Programming (XP) response well to changes because....
answer
of checkpoints that enable customer feedback and review
question
Extreme Programming (XP) 12 core practices
answer
1. Customer Defines application with User Stories 2. XP team puts small code into production 3. xp use common system names and descriptions 4. simply written, object orientated code meets requirements 5. wirtes automated uint tests upfront uses through out the process. 6. frequent revise and edit of unit code (Refactoring)
question
Extreme Programming (XP) 12 core practices (part 2)
answer
7. Pair Programming 8. Collective Ownership of code 9. integrate code and save to repository every couple hours 10. programmers work full time 11. Customer Rep onsite through out development 12. common coding structure
question
Extreme Programming (XP) Phases
answer
1. Planning 2. Designing 3. Coding 4. Testing 5. Listening Please, Don't, Chew, The, Line
question
XP Advantages
answer
1. A focus on Programming code for quick delivery of features 2. A quality methodology for smaller systems, resulting in low cost compared with other methodologies 3. Simple design, because each feature is coded, tested, and implemented independent of other functionalities 4. Continuous testing for ensuring quality feature development 5. Robustness, because each feature is listed along with a cost estimate for organizations to rank feature development 6. Resilience, because changes can be made late in the system's development life cycle, incorporated into development, and used without going back to an earlier phase as in other methodologies 7. Reduced risk in Programming and coding because two programmers work on each feature: one writing code and one testing it 8. High employee satisfaction because of users' intense involvement during the entire development process 9. The ability to add features at any time during the development process without negatively affecting development
question
XP Disadvantages
answer
1. Scant documentation because of the lack of design-centered approach usually followed in larger systems development projects 2. The potential for user conflicts to bog down the development when agreements are hard to reach 3. Unstable requirements because of the lack of a formal requirements analysis before design and Programming are done 4. Limited overall design specifications because features are designed as needed. 5. Methodology geared toward single projects; not good for large projects 6. Does not work well when scalability issues exist because they cannot be integrated with other programs later 7. Constant contact with the customer is assumed, which can be difficult to ensure if users are ambivalent or do not want to be a part of the development team
question
Systems-Type Audit
answer
ensures an org system and applications are appropriate and contrlled to maintain security and reliability
question
Process-Type Audit
answer
includes a risk analysis of new and existing projects to determine how organizations compare
question
Successful management of IS......
answer
1. keeps systems from being obsolete 2. integrating systems to avoid duplication 3. strategic approach 4. data integrity without duplication, inconsistencies and errors
question
Chief Information Officer (CIO)
answer
highest ranking exec, responsible for all IS within the org.
question
IS Departments
answer
Technology, Operations, Development Outsourcing, Data Admin
question
IS (or IT) departments responsible for...
answer
User ID, Granting access and permissions, ensuring systems have data integrity, managing the security of data.
question
Ethics are...
answer
moral guidelines in organizations.
question
2 questions in ethics
answer
1. was harm done to anyone 2. did someone gain an undeserved advantage from the behavior.
question
Approaches to Managing Ethics
answer
1. Informal Approach - address as occurs 2. General Written Procedures 3. Written Code of Ethics 4. Top down Ethics Approach
question
Important Steps in Promoting Ethics
answer
1. Inform employees about policies and procedures 2. incorporate ethics in all areas of the organization 3. train employees how to recognize unethical behavior 4. help avoid circumstances 5. Hold Formal Training
question
Threats to Information System
answer
1. Unintentional 2. intentional
question
Types of Threats
answer
1. Natural 2. Human 3. Environmental 4. Physical 5. Technical
question
Aspects to consider in a security plan
answer
1. Hardware Security 2. Software Security 3. Data Security 4. People Security
question
Physical Safegards
answer
1. ID Badges 2. Cubical Design 3. Shredder
question
Acts of Congress that require Data backups
answer
1. Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2. HIPPA 3. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)
question
Types of Media for Backups
answer
1. Optical 2. Semiconductor 3. Magnetic 4. Cloud
question
Organizations spend ____% of their IT budget on disaster recovery
answer
2-4%
question
Disaster Recovery Plans (DRP) Objectives
answer
1. decrease risk of disaster 2. decrease probability of disaster 3. decrease insurance premiums 4. protect assets 5. reduce dependencies on human decision making 6. organization stability 7. improve employee safety
question
Disaster Recovery Plans (DRP) Steps
answer
1. Select DRP Team - entire organization 2. conduct a risk analysis 3. identify recovery options 4. Create a DRP strategy - - - key contacts - - - HW / SW considerations - - - Data Files - - - Communications and Infrastructure - - - Org Facilities - - - Hot / Cold Sites
question
Types of protected data
answer
1. Business Financial Data 2. Personally Identifiable Information (Customer Data)
question
Data Safeguards should ensure
answer
1. Confidentiality 2. Integrity 3. Availability
question
If you are aware / witness a security compromise or breach
answer
1. protect company and customer 2. identify offender 3. limit damage 4. alert customers 5. help in the resolution of security incidents. 6. enable policies and procedures to be effective.
question
Problem Management Benefits
answer
1. Reduce number of errors/incidents 2. Quality of Service Improves 3. Increased Organizational Knowledge 4. Proactive problem management
question
Proactive
answer
work done to resolve issues before they are reported
question
Reactive
answer
customer initiates problem solving, contacting customer support
question
Problem Management Steps -
answer
1. Record 2. Classify / Categorize 3. Check the incident against known issues. 4. Track Progress 5. Provide closure
question
Change Management Stages
answer
1. Acceptance and Filtering 2. Classification 3. Formal Approval 4. Building, Testing and Implementing 5. Post Implementation Review
