BYU General Microbiology Chapter 9 – Dr. Robison – Flashcards
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| 3rd line of defense |
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| specific/acquired immunity smart system with a memory acquired over time |
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| immunologists |
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| scientists who study cells and chemicals involved in specific immunity |
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| antigens |
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| molecules that trigger a specific immune response anything that is not part of the host pieces of microbes' cells |
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| lymphatic system |
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| screens tissues of body for foreign antigens lymph is picked up into lymphatic vessels, filtered by nodes, dumped back into blood in subclavian veins |
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| lymphatic vessels |
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| one-way system, pushed up by muscle contraction |
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| primary lymphoid organs |
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| Where lymphocyte maturation takes place thymus bone marrow |
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| thymus |
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| where T cells mature |
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| Bone marrow |
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| where B cells develop |
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| where does the B in B cells come from? |
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| the Bursa of Fabricius in chickens |
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| secondary lymphoid organs |
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| where immune response takes place lymph nodes spleen MALT (tonsils, adenoids) GALT (Peyer's patches) |
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| Lymph nodes |
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| house leuocytes recognize and attack antigens concentrated in: neck armpits groin abdomen |
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| cortex of lymph nodes |
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| B cell neighborhood |
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| pericortex of lymph nodes |
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| T cell neighborhood |
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| Spleen |
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| similar ins structure and function of lymph nodes filters blood |
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| MALT and tonsils |
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| Physically traps foreign particles MALT:(mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) appendix lymph tissue in respiratory tract Peyer's patches in the wall of sm. intestine |
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| B Lymphocytes |
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| arise and mature in bone marrow mostly found in secondary lymphoid tissue small percentage in blood after they find antigens they divide into memory B cells and plasma cells. plasma cells = antibody factories |
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| Antibodies |
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| AKA immunoglobulins (Ig) bind antigen secreted by plasma cells |
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| Antibody function |
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| complimentary shape to antigenic determinants (epitopes) close fit -> strong, non-covalent interactions 4 functions: neutralization opsonization agglutination activation of complement |
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| 5 classes of antibodies |
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| IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD |
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| IgG |
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| main serum workhorse, only class that crosses placenta, looks like Y, longest serum half life, most common in blood, can fix complement |
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| IgA |
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| major Ig in secretions, monomer form looks like Y, (usually) dimer form looks like >-<, body makes the most of this, has a J chain |
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| IgM |
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| fix complement w/ IgG, pentamer, first antibody produced to a new antigen, has J chain |
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| IgE |
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| allergies, attaches to mast cells and basophils. Looks like a Y |
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| IgD |
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| B cell receptor, never secreted. Looks like Y |
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| B cell Receptor |
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| an antibody that stick out of the cytoplasmic membrane- it only can recognize one antigenic determinant. each B lymphocyte has multiple copies of a single type of BCR (IgM or IgD) on its surface. |
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| T lymphocytes |
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| made in red bone marrow, matured in thymus circulate in lymph, blood, and secondary lymphoid tissues see small fragment of cells bind loosely to self MHC cells, have to bind strongly to self cells w/ foreign antigens 95% have to kill themselves bc they don't work properly (remember: T for tragic suicide) |
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| 4 types of T lymphocytes |
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| Cytotoxic T cells 3 types of helper T cells: TH1 TH2 TFH |
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| Cytotoxic T cells |
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| KISS OF DEATH have a CD8 cell surface glycoprotein directly kill certain cells: cell infected with viruses/other pathogens abnormal cells (like cancer cells) |
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| Helper T cells (TH cells) |
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| have CD4 cell-surface glycoprotein help regulate activities of B cells and cytotoxic T cells secrete cytokines |
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| cytokines |
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| soluble protein messengers determine which immune response will be taken signal between leukocytes to make cytokine network |
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| TH1 (type 1 helper T cell) |
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| cell mediated immunity help develop cytotoxic t cells help activate macrophages release cytokines |
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| TH2 (Type 2 Helper T cell) |
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| mucosal barrier help make B cells and antibodies |
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| TFH |
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| help B cells enter cycle and clone |
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| Different Cytokines |
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| Interleukins (ILs) Interferons (IFNs) Growth Factors Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs) Chemokines |
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| Interleukins |
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| Signal among leukocytes |
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| Interferons |
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| antiviral proteins- may act as cytokines |
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| Growth Factors |
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| proteins that stimulate stem cells to divide so there are enough leukocytes |
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| Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs) |
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| secreted by macrophages and T cells kill tumor cells regulate immune responses and inflammation |
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| Chemokines |
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| signal leukocytes to go to site of infection/inflammation |
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| MHC |
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| Major Histocompatibility Complex important in determining the compatibility of tissues for successful grafting 2 classes of antigens: MHC class I MHC class II |
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| MHC class I antigens |
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| found on membranes of most nucleated cells closed on ends hold a peptide fragment from an intracellular protein to present to T cells (endogenous) |
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| MHC class II antigens |
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| found only on APCs open on ends hold a peptide fragment from an extracellular protein to present to T cells (exogenous) |
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| T independent antigen processing |
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| big, easily accessible antigens don't need help from T cells in order to bind to B cells stimulate B cells to differentiate |
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| T dependent antigen processing |
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| smaller, less accessible antigens B cells need help from helper T cells to target the antigen, antigen presenting cells help T cells recognize antigen- can be exogenous or endogenous |
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| precessing Exogenous antigens |
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| antigen processing cell eats up the pathogen and breaks it down inside a little endosome. MHCII gets added to endosome. The pieces of the antigen attach to the MHCII molecule then the endosome fuses with the cytoplasmic membrane. |
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| processing Endogenous Antigens |
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| a proteosome inside the cell crushes antigen and sends pieces to the ER The pieces attach to MHCI molecules. Golgi body puts them in a vesicle vesicle fuses with the cytoplasmic membrane |
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| humoral immune response |
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| against exogenous pathogens B cells activated antibody made Memory B cells made |
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| plasma cells |
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| B cells differentiate to make mostly plasma cells antibody factories- T helper cells say which class to make filled with rough ER (-> makes protein antibodies) die young |
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| Memory B cells |
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| made by differentiated B cells don't secrete antibodies but have receptors for the antibodies die old live in lymph make a faster response if antigen comes again |
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| Cell-mediated immune response |
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| respond to pathogens that are in host cells like viruses T cells and macrophages respond |
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| Acquired immunity |
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| develops during host's life naturally acquired v. artificially acquired active v. passive |
