BYU Dr. Erickson Ch. 14 – Flashcards
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| Pathology |
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| study of diseases |
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| pathogenesis |
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| manner in which a disease develops |
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| Etiology |
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| study of the cause of a disease |
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| Infection |
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| invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms |
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| Disease |
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| state in which the body is not functioning correctly. Caused by an infection. |
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| Normal microbiota or normal flora |
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| microorganisms that establish a more or less permanent residence in the human body. |
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| Transient microbiota |
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| may be present for several days, weeks, months. |
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| Microbal antagonism/ competitive exclusion |
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| normal flora prevent overgrowth of harmful microorganisms by competing for nutrients, affecting conditions such as pH levels(Candida albicans/ yeast infection), producing bacteriocin (E. coli), or filling up receptor sites(Clostridium difficile). |
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| commensalism |
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| form of symbiosis where one benefits, one unaffected. most common relationship of normal flora to host. |
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| Mutualism |
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| form of symbiosis where both organisms benefit |
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| parasitism |
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| form of symbiosis in which one benefits at the expense of the other. |
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| Probiotics |
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| live mircobial cultures applied to or ingested with the intent to exert a beneficial effect. |
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| oppurtunistic pathogens |
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| usually don't cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person, but may cause disease if the host is weakened. |
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| symptoms |
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| changes in body function that are not really measurable, such as pain and malaise. |
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| signs |
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| measurable qualities of a disease, such as fever, lesions, swelling, and paralysis. |
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| syndrome |
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| a specific group of signs and symptoms that always accompanies a particular disease |
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| communicable disease |
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| a disease that spreads from one host to another directly or indirectly (chicken pox, herpes, typhoid, tuberculosis) |
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| contagious |
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| diseases that are spread easily from one person to another. (chicken pox, measles) |
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| noncommunicable disease |
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| disease that does not spread from one host to another (Lyme, tetanus) |
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| incidence |
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| # of people in a population that develop a disease during a designated time period |
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| prevalence |
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| fraction of people with a disease at any given time. Differs from incidence in that it takes into account latent and chronic infections. |
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| sporadic disease |
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| disease that occurs occasionally (typhoid in the U.S.) |
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| endemic disease |
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| a disease that is always present in low amounts (common cold) |
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| epidemic |
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| many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short time |
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| pandemic |
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| a worldwide epidemic |
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| acute disease |
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| disease that develops rapidly but last for a short time |
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| chronic disease |
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| develops slowly but the disease continues to recur for long periods. (HIV, tuberculosis) |
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| subacute disease |
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| somewhere between acute and chronic |
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| latent disease |
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| disease where the causative agent remains inactive for long periods of time but then becomes active to produce symptoms. (shingles) |
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| herd immunity |
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| enough of the population is immune to a disease, so the pathogen has nowhere to grow and reproduce. |
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| local infection |
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| invading microorganisms are limited to a relatively small are of the body (boils, abscesses) |
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| systemic (generalized) infection |
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| microorganisms spread throughout body (measles) |
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| focal infection |
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| starts at a focal point, but then spreads (starts at a lymph node, spreads to other lymph nodes) |
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| sepsis |
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| toxic inflammatory condiditon arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins. From a focus of infection. #1 cause= lipid A (endotoxin) |
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| Septicemia |
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| growth of microbes in blood, example of sepsis. |
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| bacteremia |
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| presence of bacteria in blood |
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| Toximia |
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| presence of toxins in blood (tetanus) |
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| viremia |
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| Presence of virus in blood |
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| acute infection |
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| an acute infection that causes the initial illness |
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| secondary infection |
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| caused by opportunistic pathogens after the primary infection has weakened the host. |
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| subclinical (innaparent) infection |
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| does not cause notable illness. you can carry the pathogen without experiencing the symptoms (hepatitis A) |
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| predisposing factors |
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| make the body more susceptible to disease (gender, season, sickle cells) |
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| Development of Disease |
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| 1 incubation period- no signs or symptoms 2 prodromal period- short, early symptoms 3 illness- most severe symptoms and signs 4 decline- symptoms subside 5 convalescence- regain strength |
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| reservoir of infection |
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| provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication and opportunity for transmission. |
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| Human reserviors |
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| carriers. can display symptoms or not. |
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| animal reservoirs |
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| diseases transmitted animal ---> human are called zoonoses. (rabies, lyme) |
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| nonliving reservoirs |
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| soil (fungi, C. botulinum, C. tetani), water( Vibrio cholerae, typhoid) |
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| indirect contact transmission |
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| infection involving a fomite, or a nonliving object such as a cup, door handle, keyboard, etc. |
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| droplet transmission |
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| mucous droplets from sneezing, coughing, laughing. airborne. |
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| Mechanical transmission |
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| passive transport of pathogens from a vector's feet or mouth |
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| Mechanical transmission |
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| passive transport of pathogens from a vector's feet or mouth (housefly) |
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| biological transmission |
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| more complex than mechanical, involves the pathogen adapting to the vector before transmitting to host (flea with yesenia pestis) |
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| compromised host |
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| one whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, burns, etc |
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| vector competence |
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| ability of a vector to transmit disease. |
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| Morbidity |
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| Mortality |
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