Brandon Micro – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| Viral Causes of Encephalitis? |
| HSV-1, HSV-2, Rabies, ARBOVIRUSES! |
| Protozoa that cause encephalitis? |
| Toxoplasmosis, T. Brucei (African Sleeping Sickness) |
| Causes of Neonatal Meningitis? |
| Strep Agalactiae, Listeria Monocytogenes, E. Coli |
| Causes of meningitis (around 6 months to 6 years of age)? |
| Strep Pneumoniae, Neisseria Meningitidis, Haemophilus Influenzae |
| Causes of meningitis (6 years to 60 years of age)? |
| Neisseria Mening., Poliovirus, Strep Pneumoniae |
| Causes of Aseptic Meningitis? |
| Coxsackie virus, Mumps Virus, Poliovirus |
| Fungal cause of meningitis? |
| Crytococcus Neoformans |
| 4 diseases that result in pathology of axons/synapses? |
| C. Tetani, C. Botulinum, M. Leprae, Poliovirus |
CSF profile for types of meningitis:
1. Bacterial? 2. Viral? 3. Fungi? |
1. Bacterial--> HIGH protein, LOW glucose, Presence of PMN's, Increased Pressure ; 2. Viral--> Slightly elevated protein, normal glucose, Presence of lymphocytes, normal pressure
3. Fungal--> Elevated protein, decreased glucose, presence of lymphocytes, increase in pressure |
| One main cause of neonatal septic shock? |
| Strep Agalactiae |
| Causes of septic shock? |
| E. Coli, Kleb. Pneumonia, Proteus Mirabilis, Pseudo. Aeruginosa, B. Fragilis, Staph Aureus, Strep Pyogenes |
| Cause of Rheumatic Heart Disease? |
| Quit playing games with my heart, it's Strep Pyogenes. |
| Viral Cause of Myocarditis? |
| Coxsackievirus Type B |
| Protozoa that causes myocarditis? |
| T. Cruzi (Chaga's Disease) |
| Bacterial causes of myocarditis? |
| Staph Aureus, E. Faecalis, C. Diphtheriae, Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) |
| Native valve (as opposed to a prosthetic valve) endocarditis can be caused by? |
| Strep Viridans, Strep Bovis, Strep Pyogenes, E. Faecalis, Strep Aureus, Strep Epidermidis |
Endocarditis (often tricuspid valve) usually due to IV drug use.....
Which bacteria are involved? |
| Staph Aureus, Streps, E. Faecalis, Pseudo Aeruginosa |
| Fungal cause of tricuspid valve endocarditis? (also because of IV drug use) |
| Candida Albicans |
| ACUTE endocarditis of a prosthetic valve? |
| Strep epidermidis, staph aureus, candida albicans |
| Subacute endocarditis? |
| Strep (viridans, bovis, e. faecalis) |
| Bacterial causes of pharyngitis/laryngitis? |
| Strep pyogenes, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, C. diphtheriae |
| Viral causes of pharyngitis/laryngitis? |
| Common cold viruses, adenovirus, RSV |
| Bacterial cause of Otitis Externa? |
| Pseudo Aeruoginosa |
| Causes of Otitis Media? |
Strep Pneumoniae, H. Influenza Type B, Moraxella Cat
Strep Agalactiae--Neonates |
| What causes epiglottitis? |
| Haemophilus Influenzae Type B |
Bacterial Cause of Croup?
|
| Mycoplasma Pneumoniae aka "Walking Pneumonia" |
| Viral causes of Croup? |
| Parainfluenza, Influenza, RSV |
| What are the four main causes of sinusitis? |
| Strep pneumoniae, H. Influenzae Type B, Moraxella Cat, Staph Aureus |
| Causes of Rhinitis? |
Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Influenza C, Coxsackieviruses, Parinfluenza Virus
Basically,
Common colds, yo |
Bacterial causes of community-acquired pneumoniae?
(Hint: There's a lot of them haha) |
| Mycoplasma Pneumoniae, Strep Pneumoniae, H. Influenzae Type B, Chlamydia Pneumoniae, Legionella Pneumophilia, Moraxella Cat, Staph Aureus, Nocardia, Mycobacterium TB, C. Psittaci |
Viral Causes of community acquired pneumonia?
(Hint: There's not a lot of them) |
| Influenza Virus, RSV |
| These guys are weird and cause atypical pneumonia? |
| Mycoplasma pneumonia, Legionella Pneumophilia, Chlamydia Pneumoniae, Coxiella Burnetti |
| HIV-associated Pneumoniae? |
| due to Pneumocystis Jirovecii, Mycobacterium TB |
| What causes dental caries? |
| Strep Mutans |
| Other than Hep A, B, C, D, E...what viral disease causes hepatitis? |
| YELLOW FEVER... (yellow, like jaundice, like Big Bird) |
Other Liver infections... What causes...
Liver abscesses?
Hepatosplenomegaly due to a protozoa?
Helminth causing portal hypertension, esophageal varices, heptosplenomegaly, etc?
|
Liver abscesses--> E. Histolytica
Hepato due to protozoa--> Visceral Leishmaniasis
Helminth---> Schistosoma |
| Biliary Tract Infection caused by THIS bacteria? |
| E. Faecalis |
| Stomach Ulcers |
| H. Pylori |
Common causes of food poisoning....
1. <6 hours of incubation?
2. <10 hours of incubation?
|
1. Usually Staph Aureus!!!.... but B. Cereus can also cause vomiting during this period
2. B. Cereus causes diarrhea during this period |
| Causes of inflammation OR bloody diarrhea (primarily occuring in the large intestine or ileum)? |
Bacterial: Shigella, Salmonella Typhi (may spread), C. Jejuni, EHEC, EIEC, Yersinia Enterocolitica (may spread), C. difficile
Protozoa: E. Histolytica |
| Small intestine infections resulting in watery like diarrhea? |
Vibrio cholerae, ETEC (traveler's diarrhea), C. Perfinges, B. Cereus, S. Aureus Viral: Rotavirus, Norwalk Virus (EXPLOSIVE), Adenovirus
Protozoa: G. Lamblia (fatty, stinky), C. Parvum |
| What can cause glomerulonephritis? |
| Strep Pyogenes |
| STDs, cause urethritis... |
| N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, HSV |
| Uncomplicated UTI's? |
| E. coli, Staph Saprophyticus |
Complicated UTI's..
(pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis... due to a catheter, calculi, other obstruction) |
| E. Coli, E. Faecalis, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Proteus Mirabilis |
| Causes of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease? |
| N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis |
| Vulvovaginitis caused by? |
| C. Albicans, T. Vaginalis |
| Epididymitis caused by? |
| N. gonorrhoeae, C. Trachomatis |
| Orchitis caused by? |
MUMPS
(not Mumphress and Sons, nor Mumphrey's McGee) |
| Nongonococcal urethritis caused by? |
| Chlamydia, Ureaplasma Urealyticum, Trachomonas Vaginalis, HSV-2 |
| Proctitis caused by? |
| Chlamydia, gonorrhoeae, HSV-1,2, Treponema Pallidum |
| Some major causes of Proctocolitis/Enterocolitis? |
| C. jejuni, E. histiolytica |
| Causes of PAINFUL cutaneous lesions of the genitals? |
| HSV-2 (vesicles), Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid) |
| Type of lesion associated with syphillis? |
| Indurated lesion that is NOT painful |
| Lymphogranuloma venereums caused by? |
| Chlamydia Trachomatis!! |
Warts caused by?
(Hint: 2 Diseases...) |
HPV and Molluscum Contagiosum
(MC is a Pox-virus) |
| Vaginal Candida albicans vs Trachomonas Vaginalis... |
CA: itchy, white/clumped discharge
T. Vaginalis: itchy, yellowish discharge |
| 3 main causes of osteomyelitis? |
| Staph Aureus, Salmonella Typhi, P. Multicoda (via cat/dog bites) |
| What causes septic arthritis? |
| N. gonorrhoeae, Staph Aureus, H. Influenzae |
| What two things cause necrotizing fasciitis? |
| Strep pyogenes, c. perfringens |
| What causes achy breaky muscles? |
| c. perfringes, staph aureus, T. Spiralis, T. Solium, Coxsackievirus B, Dengue Fever Virus |
| What can cause cellulitis? |
| Strep Pyogenes, Staph Aureus, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Past. Multocida |
| What can cause vesicles on the skin? |
| VZV, Smallpox, HSV-1,2, Coxsackie A |
What causes erysipelas?
(voice in the background: what the heck is erysipelas?....) I don't know either, I'm going to google it right now |
| Strep Pyogenes |
| Viral causes of rash? |
VZV- dermatomal, "dew on a rose petal" HSV 1,2- vesicular, mouth/eye/genitals Coxsackie A- herpangia (hand-foot-mouth) Smallpox- macules first on head, then extremities (pus, then crust) Molloscum Contagiosum- small pink, central dimple on trunk Rubella- maculopapular begins on face, then to extrem's Measles- starts at head, then to feet HHV-6--> roseola (rash on trunk in babies) Parvo Virus B19--> "slapped cheek" appearance |
| Bacterial Causes of rash? |
Strep Pyogenes- scarlet fever, on trunk then outwards R. Ricketsii- Rocky Mt Spotted, first on palms/soles, then to trunk R. Prowazekii- epidemic typhus..begins on trunk then spreads outward BUT spares the palms, soles, face B Burdorferi- lyme disease- erythema chronicum migrans spreading annular red lesion surrounding clear bite mark T. Pallidum- (secondary syphillis) maculopapular rash on palms and soles |
| Cutaneous lesion of anthrax looks like... |
| Ulcerous lesion with blackened necrotic eschar |
| Cutaneous lesion of F. Tularensis looks like... |
| papule forms and develops into ulcer with black base...ULCEROGLANDULAR (there is a swollen lymph node associated as well) |
| Cutaneous lesion of Yersinia Pestis looks like? |
| "Ay, Boo-boo!!" Not really, just a Buboe |
| Cutaneous lesion of A israelli looks like? |
| "Sinus tracts" form through skin, muscle, bone, organs |
| S. Schenckii, cutaneously, causes? |
| Ulcerating nodules |
| This fungal infection causes inflammation, itchiness, pustules, and causes the skin to be scaley...a "Dermatophyte" |
| What is ringworm, Mr. Trebek? |
| Protozoan that causes cutaneous or mucosal ulcers... |
| Leishmaniasis |
| Cholera toxin (vibrio cholera) and LT toxin of E. Coli mechanism? |
AB Toxin
B binds receptors on gut epithelium, A ADP ribosylates Gs, keeps adenylate cyclase active, increases cAMP |
| Pertussis Toxin mechanism? |
| AB toxin BUT also cytotoxic toxins can kill respiratory epithelial cells |
| Diphtheria toxin mechanism? |
AB
B binds cell surface receptor, A ADP ribosylates EF-2 and inhibits protein synthesis |
| Pseudomonas Aeruginosa toxin mechanism? |
| Very similar to diphtheria's toxin (A ADP ribosylates EF-2 and inhibits protein synthesis) |
| Shiga toxin (Shigella and E. Coli) mechanism |
| binds 60S ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis |
| C. Tetani's toxin mechanism? |
Tetanospasmin...
cleaves synaptobrevin, blocks vesicle formation and release of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine |
| C. Botulinum toxin's mechanism? |
Botulinum toxin
cleaves synaptobrevin, blocks vesicle formation and release of Ach |
| Anthrax toxin mechanism? |
3 proteins: PA, EF, LF
these work together to cause dermal necrosis |
| Staph Aureus's TSST-1 induces release of these cytokines.. |
| Il-1 and TNF |
| What is an important exotoxin of Strep Pyogenes? |
| Erythrogenic Toxin |
| Types of Hepatitis that can cause heptocellular carcincoma and cirrhosis? |
| Hep B, C, D...NOT A or E!! |
Diagnosis of Hep A?
Hep C?
Hep D? |
A- anti-HAV IgM, IgG (these confer immunity)
C- anti-HCV (does NOT confer immunity)
D- anti- HDV (does NOT confer immunity) |
Hep B:
Chronic Infection?
Convalescence?
Immunized? |
Acute- HBsAg, Anti-HBcAg IgM
Chronic- HBsAg, Anti-HBcAg IgG
Convalescent- Anti-HBsAg, Anti-HBcAg IgG
Immunity- Anti-HBsAg only |
| Which opportunistic infections are seen when a person has a CD4 T cell count of <200 cells/micro-l |
| C. Neoformans (meningitis), C immitis (pneumonia), P Jirovecii (pneumonia), C Parvum (diarrhea), T Gondii (encephalitis) |
| In AIDS, when the CD4 T cell count gets below 50 cells/micro-l, you will see these extremely rare opportunistic infections... |
| M. avium intracellulare (lung, liver, bone infection), CMV (retinitis, esophagitis, colitis), H capsulatum (pneumonia) |
| Basic features of Hep A: |
picorna, +ssRNA, no envelope
oral-fecal
short incubation time (2-8 weeks)
There is a vaccine |
| Basic features of Hep B: |
Hepadnaviridae, dbsDNA, lipid envelope
transmitted via blood, sexual contact
long incuation time
treat- interferon
vaccine- YES, HbsAg |
| Basic Features of Hep C |
Flavi, (+)ssRNA, lipid envelope
blood, sexual contact transmission
long incubation time (2-24 weeks)
Treat- Interferon
NO vaccine
|
