question

is the abuse of pay-per-click, pay-per-call, and pay-per-conversion revenue models by repeatedly clicking a link to increase charges or costs for the advertiser

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click-fraud

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when infinite quantities of facts are widely available to anyone who can use a computer.

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Information age

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is a world where interconnected, Internet-enabled devices or "things" can collect and share data without human intervention.

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The Internet of Things (IoT)

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raw facts that describe the characteristics of an event or object (order date, amount sold)

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Data

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data converted into a meaningful and useful context (best-selling product, best customer)

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Information

question

information collected from multiple sources that analyzes patters, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making (lowest sales per week compared w/ economic interest rates) (suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, industries)

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Business Intelligence

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the skills, experience, and expertise, coupled with information and intelligence, that creates a person's intellectual resources

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knowledge

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a data characteristic that stands for a value that changes or varies over time

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variable

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is information collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, and industries that analyzes patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making

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Business Intelligence

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which extracts information from data and uses it to predict future trends and identify behavioral patterns

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predictive analytics

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A way of monitoring the entire system by viewing multiple inputs being processed or transformed to produce outputs while continuously gathering feedback on each part.

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Systems thinking

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is information that returns to its original transmitter (input, transform, or output) and modifies the transmitter's actions.

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Feedback

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responsible for ensuring the security of business systems and developing strategies and safeguards against attacks by hackers and viruses

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Chief security officer (CSO)

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responsible for ensuring the speed, accuracy, availability, and reliability of the MUS

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Chief technology officer (CTO)

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responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information within a company

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Chief privacy officer (CPO)

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responsible for (1) overseeing all uses of MIS and (2) ensuring that MIS strategically aligns with business goals and objectives

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chief information officer (CIO)

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responsible for collecting, maintaining, and distributing company knowledge

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Chief knowledge officer (CKO)

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An advantage that occurs when a company can significantly increase its market share by being first to market with a competitive advantage.

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first-mover advantage

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is the process of gathering information about the competitive environment, including competitors' plans, activities, and products, to improve a company's ability to succeed.

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Competitive intelligence

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analyzes the competitive forces within the environment in which a company operates to assess the potential for profitability in an industry.

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Porter's Five Forces Model

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1. need to analyze large amounts of information 2. must make decisions quickly 3. must apply sophisticated analysis techniques

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managerial decision making challenges

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1. problem identification 2. data collection 3. solution generation 4. solution test 5. solution selection 6. solution implementation

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decision-making process

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employees develop, control, and maintain core business activities required to run the day-to-day operations. - structured decions: reordering inventory, weekly production schedules

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Operational level

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employees are continuously evaluating company operations to hone the firm's abilities to identify, adapt to, and leverage change - semistructured decisions: allocated resources and monitor performance of subunits, decisions about new products or employee benefits

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Managerial level

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managers develop overall business strategies, goals, and objectives and monitor the strategic performance of the organization - highly unstructured: decision to enter a new market

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Strategic level

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is a temporary activity a company undertakes to create a unique product, service, or result.

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project

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are measurements that evaluate results to determine whether a project is meeting its goals.

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metrics

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are the crucial steps companies perform to achieve their goals and objectives and implement their strategies (create high quality products, retain competitive advantage, reduce product costs, increase customer satisfaction)

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Critical success factors (CSFs)

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are the quantifiable metrics a company uses to evaluate progress toward critical success factors.(turnover rates of employees, # of product returns, # of new customers, average customer spending)

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Key performance indicators (KPIs)

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which indicates the earning power of a project. We measure it by dividing the profitability of a project by the costs.

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return on investment (ROI)

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measure the performance of MIS itself, such as throughput, transaction speed, system availability, information accuracy, response time

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Efficiency MIS metrics

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measure the impact MIS has on business processes and activities, including customer satisfaction, customer conversion rates, financial, and usability

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Effectiveness MIS metrics

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is a process of continuously measuring system results, comparing those results to optimal system performance (benchmark values), and identifying steps and procedures to improve system performance.

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Benchmarking

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encompasses all the information contained within a single business process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support the performance of daily operational or structured decisions.

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Transactional information

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is the capture of transaction and event information using technology to (1) process the information according to defined business rules, (2) store the information, and (3) update existing information to reflect the new information.

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Online transaction processing (OLTP)

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The basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) and assists in making structured decisions.

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transaction processing system (TPS)

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encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performance of managerial analysis or semistructured decisions.

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Analytical information

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is the manipulation of information to create business intelligence in support of strategic decision making.

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Online analytical processing (OLAP)

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Analyzing complex relationships among thousands or even millions of data items to discover patterns, trends, and exception conditions is one of the key uses. For example, doctors may enter symptoms into a decision support system so it can help diagnose and treat patients. Insurance companies also use a DSS to gauge the risk of providing insurance to drivers who have imperfect driving records

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decision support systems (dss)

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checks the impact of a change in a variable or assumption on the model

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what-if analysis

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a special case of what-if analysis, is the study of the impact on other variables when on variable is change repeatedly

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sensitivity analysis

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finds the inputs necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired level of output. it is the reverse of what-if and sensitivity.

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goal seeking analysis

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an extension of goal-seeking, finds the optimum value for a target variable by repeatedly changing other variables, subject to specified constraints

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optimization analysis

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is a specialized DSS that supports senior-level executives and unstructured, long-term, nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight.

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executive information system (EIS)

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refers to the level of detail in the model or the decision-making process

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Granularity

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produces graphical displays of patterns and complex relationships in large amounts of data.

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Visualization

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which tracks KPIs and CSFs by compiling information from multiple sources and tailoring it to meet user needs.

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digital dashboard

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is the aggregation of data from simple roll-ups to complex groupings of interrelated information

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Consolidation

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enables users to view details, and details, and details of information

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drill-down

question

ability to look at information from different perspectives

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slice and dive

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rotates data to display alternative presentations of the data

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pivot

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simulates human thinking and behavior, such as the ability to reason and learn. Its ultimate goal is to build a system that can mimic human intelligence

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Artificial intelligence (AI)

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are various commercial applications of artificial intelligence.

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Intelligent systems

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are computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems. - playing chess

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Expert systems

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a category of AI that attempts to emulate the way the human brain works. - credit card companies checking for fraud

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neural network

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is a mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information.

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Fuzzy logic

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is an artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem. - investment companies in trading decisions

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genetic algorithm

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is the process within a genetic algorithm of randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success (or failure) of the outcome.

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Mutation

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is a special-purpose, knowledge-based information system that accomplishes specific tasks on behalf of its users. - environmental scanning and competitive intelligence

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intelligent agent

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is software that will search several retailer websites and provide a comparison of each retailer's offerings, including price and availability.

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shopping bot

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is a computer-simulated environment that can be a simulation of the real world or an imaginary world.

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Virtual reality

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is the viewing of the physical world with computer-generated layers of information added to it.

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Augmented reality

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is a wearable computer with an optical head-mounted display (OHMD). Developed by Google, it adds an element of augmented reality to the user's world by displaying information in a smart phone-like hands-free format.

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google glass

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provides access to internet information through documents, including text, graphics, and audio and video files that use a special formatting language called hypertext markup language - one part of the Internet, and its primary use is to correlate and disseminate information

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world wide web

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A workplace that is not located in any one physical space.

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virtual workplace

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uses technology allowing humans to interact with a computer through bodily sensations and movements—for example, a cell phone vibrating in your pocket.

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haptic interface

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also called front-office processes, result in a product or service received by an organization's external customer. - order processing, customer service, sales process, customer billing, order shipping

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customer-facing processes

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also called back-office processes, are invisible to the external customer but essential to the effective management of the business; - strategic planning, tactical planning, budget forecasting, training, purchasing raw materials

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Business-facing processes

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banking, insurance, government, hotels, airline

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industry- specific customer facing

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is a patent that protects a specific set of procedures for conducting a particular business activity.

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business process patent

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Business processes, such as manufacturing goods, selling products, and providing service that make up the primary activities in a value chain.

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Core processes

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Process that uses a systematic approach in an attempt to improve business effectiveness and efficiency continuously. (unning payroll, calculating taxes, and creating financial statements) - If you throw a rock in the air, you can predict where it will land

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static process

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A continuously changing process used to provide business solutions to ever-changing business operations. (managing layoffs of employees, changing order levels based on currency rates, and canceling business travel due to extreme weather.) - The bird will sense its environment and fly in any direction. The bird gathers and processes input and interacts with its environment.

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dynamic processes

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is the activity of creating a detailed flowchart or process map of a work process that shows its inputs, tasks, and activities in a structured sequence.

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Business process modeling (mapping)

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A graphic description of a process, showing the sequence of process tasks, which is developed for a specific purpose and from a selected viewpoint.

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business process model

question

is a graphical notation that depicts the steps in a business process. provides businesses with a graphical view of the end-to-end flow of their business processes

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Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN)

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is anything that happens during the course of a business process - customer requests, time requests, end of the process - circle

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BPMN Event

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is a task in a business process, any work that is being performed in a process - checking availability, picking up the customer, confirming the booking - rounded rectangle

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BPMN Activity

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is used to control the flow of a process, handle the forking, merging, and joining of paths within a process. - determining availability status, accepting/declining request - diamond

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BPMN Gateway

question

display the path in which the process flows, represented by arrow in a business process model - path of customer through booking process - arrow

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BPMN Flow

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represent the current state of the operation that has been mapped, without any specific improvements or changes to existing processes.

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As-Is process models

question

show the results of applying change improvement opportunities to the current process model

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To-be process models

question

layout arranges the steps of a business process into a set of rows depicting the various elements

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swim lane

question

includes the tasks, activities, and responsibilities required to execute each step in a business process.

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Workflow

question

monitor processes to ensure tasks, activities, and responsibilities are executed as specified.

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Workflow control systems

question

1. There has been a pronounced shift in the market the process was designed to serve. 2. The company is markedly below industry benchmarks on its core processes. 3. To regain competitive advantage, the company must leapfrog competition on key dimensions.

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business process change indications

question

are static, routine, daily business processes such as stocking inventory, checking out customers, or daily opening and closing processes.

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Operational business processes

question

Attempts to understand and measure the current process and make performance improvements accordingly.

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Business process improvement

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Involves computerizing manual tasks making them more efficient and effective and dramatically lowering operational costs.

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Automation

question

are semidynamic, semiroutine, monthly business processes such as resource allocation, sales strategy, or manufacturing process improvements.

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Managerial business processes

question

Improves business process efficiencies, simplifying or eliminating unnecessary steps. - removes bottlenecks

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streamlining

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Occurs when resources reach full capacity and cannot handle any additional demands; they limit throughput and impede operations.

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bottleneck

question

the time required to process an order, reducing this is a common KPI for operations management.

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cycle time

question

are dynamic, nonroutine, long-term business processes such as financial planning, expansion strategies, and stakeholder interactions.

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Strategic business processes

question

the analysis and redesign of workflow within and between enterprises.

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business process reengineering (BPR)

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Implies that organizations that cannot adapt to the new demands placed on them for surviving in the information age are doomed to extinction.

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Digital Darwinism

question

is a new way of doing things that initially does not meet the needs of existing customers.

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disruptive technology

question

produces an improved product customers are eager to buy, such as a faster car or larger hard drive.

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sustaining technology

question

a book by Clayton M. Christensen, discusses how established companies can take advantage of disruptive technologies without hindering existing relationships with customers, partners, and stakeholders.

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The Innovator's Dilemma

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is a massive network that connects computers all over the world and allows them to communicate with one another.

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Internet

question

is a term to refer to the World Wide Web during its first few years of operation between 1991 and 2003

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Web 1.0

question

is the buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet. refers only to online transactions.

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Ecommerce

question

includes ecommerce along with all activities related to internal and external business operations such as servicing customer accounts, collaborating with partners, and exchanging real-time information

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Ebusiness

question

occurs when a new, radical form of business enters the market that reshapes the way companies and organizations behave

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paradigm shift

question

- expanding global reach, opening new markets, reducing costs, improving effectiveness

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Ebusiness Advantages

question

refers to the depth and breadth of details contained in a piece of textual, graphic, audio, or video information.

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information richness

question

measures the number of people a firm can communicate with all over the world.

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Information reach

question

is the ability of an organization to tailor its products or services to the customers' specifications. For example, customers can order M's in special colors or with customized sayings

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Mass customization

question

occurs when a company knows enough about a customer's likes and dislikes that it can fashion offers more likely to appeal to that person, say by tailoring its website to individuals or groups based on profile information, demographics, or prior transactions

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Personalization

question

tail of a typical sales curve - how niche products can have viable and profitable business models when selling via ebusiness - Ebusinesses such as Amazon and eBay eliminated the shelf-space dilemma and were able to offer infinite products. - netflix can extend beyond tail bc no physical limitations

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long tail

question

are agents, software, or businesses that provide a trading infrastructure to bring buyers and sellers together.

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Intermediaries

question

Occurs when a business sells direct to the customer online and cuts out the intermediary.

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disintermediation

question

steps are added to the value chain as new players find ways to add value to the business process

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reintermediation

question

refers to the creation of new kinds of intermediaries that simply could not have existed before the advent of ebusiness

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Cybermediation

question

measures advertising effectiveness by counting visitor interactions with the target ad, including time spent viewing the ad, number of pages viewed, and number of repeat visits to the advertisement.

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Interactivity

question

is the length of time a visitor spends on a website. Businesses want their websites to be sticky and keep their customer's attention. To interpret such data properly, managers try to benchmark against other companies.

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Stickiness

question

applies to businesses buying from and selling to each other over the Internet. Examples include medical billing service, software sales and licensing, and virtual assistant businesses. B2B relationships represent 80 percent of all online business and are more complex with greater security needs than the other types

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business to business

question

applies to any business that sells its products or services directly to consumers online. Carfax offers car buyers detailed histories of used vehicles for a fee. - There are three ways to operate as a B2C: brick-and-mortar, click-and-mortar, and pure play (see Figure 3.10).

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business to consumer

question

applies to any consumer who sells a product or service to a business on the Internet. One example is customers of Priceline.com, who set their own prices for items such as airline tickets or hotel rooms and wait for a seller to decide whether to supply them.

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consumer to business

question

applies to customers offering goods and services to each other on the Internet. A good example of a C2C is an auction where buyers and sellers solicit consecutive bids from each other and prices are determined dynamically.

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Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)

question

is a plan that details how a company creates, delivers, and generates revenues on the internet

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ebusiness model

question

is website software that finds other pages based on keyword matching similar to Google.

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search engine

question

combines art with science to determine how to make URLs more attractive to search engines resulting in higher search engine ranking. - The better the SEO, the higher the ranking for a website in the list of search engine results.

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Search engine optimization (SEO)

question

Pay-per-click: Generates revenue each time a user clicks a link to a retailer's website. Pay-per-call: Generates revenue each time a user clicks a link that takes the user directly to an online agent waiting for a call. Pay-per-conversion: Generates revenue each time a website visitor is converted to a customer.

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Websites can generate revenue through

question

converts an audio broadcast to a digital music player

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podcasting

question

allows people at two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously as well as share documents, data, computer displays, and whiteboards. -Point-to-point videoconferences connect two people, and multipoint conferences connect more than two people at multiple locations.

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videoconference

question

blends videoconferencing with document sharing and allows the user to deliver a presentation over the web to a group of geographically dispersed participants. Regardless of the type of hardware or software the attendees are running, every participant can see what is on anyone else's screen.

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Web conferencing (webinar)

question

help companies manage the creation, storage, editing, and publication of their website content.

answer

content management systems (CMS)

question

publishes hypertext on the WWW, which allows users to move from one document to another by simply clicking a hot spot or link

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hypertext markup language (HTML)

question

the current version of HTML, delivers everything from animations to graphics and music to movies; it can also be used to build complicated web applications and works across platforms, including a PC, tablet, smartphone, or smart TV

answer

HTML 5

question

internet protocol web browsers use to request and display web pages using URLs

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hypertext transport protocol (HTTP)

question

an international community that develops open standards to ensure the long-term growth of the Web

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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

question

allows users to access the WWW

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Web Browser

question

address of a file or resource on the web

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universal resource locator (URL)

question

service that allows the owner of a domain name to maintain a simple website and provide email capacity

answer

domain name hosting (web hosting)

question

program that runs with in another applications

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applet

question

nonprofit organization that has assumed responsibility for Internet Protocol (IP) address space allocation, parameter assignment, domain name system management, and root server system management functions previously performed under US gov.

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Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

question

is the scientific classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin. Taxonomies are also used for indexing the content on the website into categories and subcategories of topics.

answer

Taxonomy

question

Allows business to generate commissions or referral fees when a customer visiting its website clicks on a link to another merchant's website

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Associate program

question

Is a box running across a web site that advertises the products and services of another business, usually another e-business

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Banner ad

question

Is a count of the number of people who visit one site and click on an advertisement that takes them to the site of the advertiser.

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Click through

question

Is a small file deposited on a hard drive by a website containing information about customers and their browsing activities.

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Cookie

question

Is a small web page containing an advertisement that appears outside of the current website loaded in the browser.

answer

Pop-up ad

question

Is a technique that induces websites or users to pass on a marketing message to other websites or users, creating exponential growth in the message's visibility and effect.

answer

Viral marketing

question

Are interactive business communities providing a central market where multiple buyers and sellers can engage in e- business activities.

answer

Electronic marketplaces (e-marketplace)

question

A business that operates in a physical store no internet presence

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Brick and mortar business

question

A business that operates in a physical store and on the internet.

answer

Click and mortar business

question

A business that operates on the internet only without a physical store.

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Pure play (virtual) business

question

generate revenues by providing digital content such as news, music, photos, or videos (netflix/Itunes)

answer

Content providers

question

provide specialized information on behalf of producers G&S and their potential customers (Zillow)

answer

Infomediaries

question

bring together buyers and sellers of products and services (amazon)

answer

online marketplaces

question

operate a central website for users to access specialized content and other services (google)

answer

portals

question

provide services such as photo sharing, video sharing, online backup, and storage (youtube, map quest)

answer

service providers

question

process online sales transactions (Etrade, Fidelity)

answer

transaction brokers

question

keywords that advertisers choose to pay for and appear as sponsored links on the Google results pages. -are chosen by the advertiser and are displayed on the results pages when the search keywords match the advertiser's keywords. - advertiser then pays a fee to Google for the search display.

answer

Adwords

question

-content management system - email - instant messaging - podcasting - videoconferencing - web conferencing

answer

Ebusiness tools

question

- identifying limited market segments - ensuring consumer protection -managing consumer trust - adhering to taxation rules

answer

challenges facing Ebusiness

question

is the next generation of Internet use—a more mature, distinctive communications platform characterized by new qualities such as collaboration, sharing, and free. Encourages user participation and the formation of communities that contribute to the content. Technical skills are no longer required to use and publish information to the World Wide Web, eliminating entry barriers for online business.

answer

Web 2.0

question

nonproprietary hardware and software based on publicly known standards that allow third parties to create add-on products to plug into or interoperate with the system.

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open system

question

contains instructions written by a programmer specifying the actions to be performed by computer software.

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source code

question

is any proprietary software licensed under exclusive legal right of the copyright holder.

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closed source

question

refers to any software whose source code is made available free (not on a fee or licensing basis as in ebusiness) for any third party to review and modify.

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open source

question

is created and updated by many users for many users. Websites such as Flickr, Wikipedia, and YouTube, for example, move control of online media from the hands of leaders to the hands of users

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User-contributed content (or user-generated content)

question

is an online marketing concept in which the advertiser attempts to gain attention by providing content in the context of the user's experience in terms of its content, format, style, or placement.

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Native advertising

question

user-generated content in which buyers post feedback on sellers. - eBay buyers voluntarily comment on the quality of service, their satisfaction with the item traded, and promptness of shipping. Sellers comment about prompt payment from buyers or respond to comments left by the buyer.

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reputation system

question

is a set of tools that supports the work of teams or groups by facilitating the sharing and flow of information - generates more information faster from a wider audience

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collaboration system

question

is collaborating and tapping into the core knowledge of all employees, partners, and customers. Knowledge can be a real competitive advantage for an organization

answer

Collective intelligence

question

which involves capturing, classifying, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing information assets in a way that provides context for effective decisions and actions. - primary objective is to be sure that a company's knowledge of facts, sources of information, and solutions are readily available to all employees whenever it is needed

answer

knowledge management (KM)

question

supports the capture, organization, and dissemination of knowledge (i.e., know-how) throughout an organization. Can distribute an organization's knowledge base by interconnecting people and digitally gathering their expertise.

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knowledge management system (KMS)

question

consists of anything that can be documented, archived, and codified, often with the help of MIS

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explicit knowledge

question

is the knowledge contained in people's heads.

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Tacit knowledge

question

most common form of collective intelligence found outside the organization - refers to the wisdom of the crowd - idea that collective intelligence is greater than the sum of its individual parts has been around for a long time

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crowdsourcing

question

sources capital for a project by raising many small amounts from a large number of individuals, typically via the Internet.

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Crowdfunding

question

or communication such as email, in which the message and the response do not occur at the same time.

answer

asynchronous communications

question

brought by web 2.0 in which communications occur at same time (IM)

answer

synchronous communications

question

refers to websites that rely on user participation and user-contributed content, such as Facebook, YouTube, and Digg

answer

Social media

question

is an application that connects people by matching profile information. Providing individuals with the ability to network is by far one of the greatest advantages of Business 2.0.

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A social network

question

Maps group contacts identifying who knows each other and who works together. -It can also identify key experts with specific knowledge such as how to solve a complicated programming problem or launch a new product.

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Social networking analysis (SNA)

question

represent the interconnection of relationships in a social network. -sites can be especially useful to employers trying to find job candidates with unique or highly specialized skill sets that may be harder to locate in larger communities.

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Social graphs

question

are specific keywords or phrases incorporated into website content for means of classification or taxonomy. An item can have one or more tags associated with it to allow for multiple browseable paths through the items, and tags can be changed with minimal effort

answer

Tags

question

describes the collaborative activity of marking shared online content with keywords or tags as a way to organize it for future navigation, filtering, or search. - The entire user community is invited to tag, and thus essentially define, the content

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Social tagging

question

is a locally stored URL or the address of a file or Internet page saved as a shortcut.

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website bookmark

question

allows users to share, organize, search, and manage bookmarks.

answer

social bookmarking

question

is an online journal that allows users to post their own comments, graphics, and video. - let writers communicate—and readers respond—on a regular basis through a simple yet customizable interface that does not require any programming

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blog (web log)

question

is the practice of sending brief posts (140 to 200 characters) to a personal blog, either publicly or to a private group of subscribers who can read the posts as IMs or as text messages.

answer

microblogging

question

(the word is Hawaiian for quick) is a type of collaborative web page that allows users to add, remove, and change content, which can be easily organized and reorganized as required

answer

wiki

question

1. content sharing through open sourcing 2. user-contributed content 3. collaboration inside the organization 4. collaboration outside the organization

answer

4 characteristics of web 2.0

question

a website or web application that uses content from more than one source to create a completely new product or service (Zillow)

answer

mashup

question

are WYSIWYG, or what you see is what you get tools. They provide a visual interface to build a mashup, often allowing the user to drag and drop data points into a web application.

answer

Mashup editors

question

is a magazine published only in electronic form on a computer network. - Flipboard is a social-network aggregation, magazine-format application software for multiple devices that collects content from social media and other websites, presents it in magazine format, and allows users to flip through the content.

answer

ezine

question

refers to the ability of a company to identify, search, gather, seize, or export digital information in responding to a litigation, audit, investigation, or information inquiry.

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Ediscovery

question

protects data from unauthorized disclosure and confirmation of data source authenticity

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Information Secrecy

question

Method of government for information management or control

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Information governance

question

Examines organizational resource of information and regulates it ensuring it has everything required to function and grow effectively

answer

Information management

question

Act of conforming or yielding information

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Information compliance

question

Focuses on who owns information about individuals and how information can be sold and exchanged

answer

Information property

question

- policies and procedures that address information management along with the ethical use of computers and the internet in the business environment Ethical Computer Use - starting point and umbrella Information Privacy Acceptable Use Email Privacy Social Media Workplace Monitoring

answer

Epolicies

question

records every key stroke and mouse click

answer

Key logger

question

A hardware device that captures keystrokes on their journey from the keyboard to the motherboard.

answer

hardware key logger

question

a small file deposited on a hard drive by a web site containing information about customers and their web activities

answer

cookie

question

software that generates ads that installs themselves on a computer when a person downloads some other program on the internet

answer

adware

question

Consists of one line of information for every visitor to a website and is usually stored on a web server

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web log

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Exact pattern of a consumer's navigation through a site

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clickstream

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is similar to taxonomy except that crowdsourcing determines the tags or keyword-based classification system. Using the collective power of a community to identify and classify content significantly lowers content categorization costs because there is no complicated nomenclature to learn. Users simply create and apply tags as they wish.

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Folksonomy

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a web format used to publish frequently updated works, such as blogs, news headlines, audio, and video, in a standardized format.

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Real Simple Syndication (RSS)

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how products in a network increase in value to users as the number of users increases. -The more users and content managers on a wiki, the greater the network effect because more users attract more contributors, whose work attracts more users, and so on

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network effect

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which is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications. A programmer then puts these building blocks together. - content used in mashups is typically sourced from this

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application programming interface (API)

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1. violations of copyright and plagiarism 2. information vandalism 3. technology dependence

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challenges of business 2.0

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a component of Web 3.0 that describes things in a way that computers can understand. -is not about links between web pages; rather it describes the relationships between things (such as A is a part of B and Y is a member of Z) and the properties of things (size, weight, age, price). If information about music, cars, concert tickets, and so on is stored in a way that describes the information and associated resource files, semantic web applications can collect information from many sources, combine it, and present it to users in a meaningful way.

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semantic web

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is the legal protection afforded an expression of an idea, such as a song, book, or video game.

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copyright

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is intangible creative work that is embodied in physical form and includes copyrights, trademarks, and patents

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Intellectual property

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is an exclusive right to make, use, and sell an invention and is granted by a government to the inventor.

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patent

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is the right to be left alone when you want to be, to have control over your personal possessions, and not to be observed without your consent.

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Privacy

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which is the assurance that messages and information remain available only to those authorized to view them.

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confidentiality

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govern the ethical and moral issues arising from the development and use of information technologies as well as the creation, collection, duplication, distribution, and processing of information itself (with or without the aid of computer technologies).

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information ethics

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is the unauthorized use, duplication, distribution, or sale of copyrighted software.

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pirated software

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is software that is manufactured to look like the real thing and sold as such

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counterfeit software

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A technological solution that allows publishers to control their digital media to discourage, limit, or prevent illegal copying and distribution.

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Digital rights management

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break into other people's computers and may just look around or may steal/destroy info

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black hat hackers

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refers to the ability of a company to identify, search, gather, seize, or export digital information in responding to a litigation, audit, investigation, or information inquiry.

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Ediscovery (or electronic discovery)

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includes threats, negative remarks, or defamatory comments transmitted through the Internet or posted on the website

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cyberbullying

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is the abuse of pay-per-click, pay-per-call, and pay-per-conversion revenue models by repeatedly clicking a link to increase charges or costs for the advertiser

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Click-fraud

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is a computer crime in which a competitor or disgruntled employee increases a company's search advertising costs by repeatedly clicking the advertiser's link.

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Competitive click-fraud

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Contains general principles to guide computer user behavior.

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ethical computer use policy

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policy allows employees to use their personal mobile devices and computers to access enterprise data and applications. Unlimited access for personal devices. Access only to nonsensitive systems and data. Access, but with IT control over personal devices, apps, and stored data. Access, but preventing local storage of data on personal devices.

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bring your own device (BYOD)

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is a general term for a set of standards governing the collection and use of personal data and addressing issues of privacy and accuracy.

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Fair information practices

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A policy that a user must agree to follow to be provided access to corporate email, information systems, and the Internet.

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acceptable use policy (AUP)

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is a contractual stipulation to ensure that ebusiness participants do not deny (repudiate) their online actions. typically contained in an acceptable use policy.

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Nonrepudiation

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contains general principles to guide the proper use of the Internet.

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Internet use policy

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is the electronic defacing of an existing website

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Cybervandalism

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is a problem that occurs when someone registers purposely misspelled variations of well-known domain names.

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Typosquatting

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is the theft of a website's name that occurs when someone, posing as a site's administrator, changes the ownership of the domain name assigned to the website to another website owner.

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Website name stealing

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is government attempts to control Internet traffic, thus preventing some material from being viewed by a country's citizens. Generally, an Internet use policy: - Describes the Internet services available to users. - Defines the organization's position on the purpose of Internet access and what restrictions, if any, are placed on that access.

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Internet censorship

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details the extent to which email messages may be read by others. Email is so pervasive in organizations that it requires its own specific policy. Most working professionals use email as their preferred means of corporate communications.

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email privacy policy

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sends a massive amount of email to a specific person or system that can cause that user's server to stop functioning.

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mail bomb

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Simply states that email users will not send unsolicited emails (or spam).

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anti-spam policy

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Antispamming approach by which the receiving computer launches a return attack against the spammer, sending email messages back to the computer that originated the suspected spam.

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Teergrubing

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Outlines the corporate guidelines or principles governing employee online communications.

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social media policy

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is the process of monitoring and responding to what is being said about a company, individual, product, or brand.

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Social media monitoring

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a person within the organization who is trusted to monitor, contribute, filter, and guide the social media presence of a company, individual, product, or brand.

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social media manager

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States explicitly how, when, and where the company monitors its employees.

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employee monitoring policy

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tracks people's activities by such measures as number of keystrokes, error rate, and number of transactions processed

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Workplace MIS monitoring

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refers to a period of time when a system is unavailable. Unplanned downtime can strike at any time for any number of reasons

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Downtime

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- financial performance - damaged reputation - revenue - other expense

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costs of downtime

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is a broad term encompassing the protection of information from accidental or intentional misuse by persons inside or outside an organization.

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Information security

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are experts in technology who use their knowledge to break into computers and computer networks, either for profit or simply for the challenge.

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hackers

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computer attack where an attacker accesses a wireless computer network, intercepts data, uses network services, and/or sends attack instructions w/o entering the office or organization that owns that network

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drive-by hacking

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have criminal intent when hacking

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crackers

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use computer tech against people to coeroce govts, individuals etc to attain religious or ideological goals

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cyberterrorism

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philosophical, often deface website as a protest

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hactivist

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find hacking code on the internet and click and point their way into systems to cause damage

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script kiddies

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open a way into the network for future attack

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backdoor programs

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floods a website w so many requests for service that it crashes

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denial of service attack (DoS)

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attacks from multiple computers with so many requests for service that it crashes

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distributed denial of service attack (DDoS)

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spreads itself not only from file to file but also from computer to computer. - do not need to attach to anything to spread and can tunnel themselves into computers

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worm

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software written with malicious intent to cause annoyance or damage. If left can cause massive computer damage. -must attach to something, such as an executable file, to spread

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virus

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change their form as they propagate

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polymorphic viruses and worms

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inside other software, usually as an attachment or downloadable file

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trojan horse virus

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process by which a user misleads a system into granting unauthorized rights, usually to compromise or destroy the system

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elevation of privilege

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attack computer systems by transmitting a virus hoax with a real virus attached

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hoaxes

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includes a variety of threats such as viruses, worms and trojan horses

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malicious code

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consists of altering the content of packets as they travel over the internet or altering data on computer disks after penetrating a network

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packet tampering

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a program or device that can monitor data traveling over a network

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sniffer

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the forging of the return address on an email so that the message appears to come from somone other than the actual sender

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spoofing

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fake blogs created solely to raise the search engine rank of affiliated websites

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splogs

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software that comes hidden in free downloadable software that tracks online movements

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spyware

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is a form of malicious software that infects your computer and asks for money

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ransomware

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are legitimate users who purposely or accidentally misuse their access to the environment and cause some kind of business-affecting incident

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Insiders

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hackers use their social skills to trick people into revealing access credentials or other valuable information

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social engineering

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Looking through people's trash, another way hackers obtain information.

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Dumpster diving

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identify the rules required to maintain information security, such as requiring users to log off before leaving for lunch or meetings, never sharing passwords with anyone, and changing passwords every 30 days

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Information security policies

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Details how an organization will implement the information security policies.

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Information security plan

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are malicious agents designed by spammers and other Internet attackers to farm email addresses off websites or deposit spyware on machines.

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Destructive agents

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technique to gain personal information for the purpose of identity theft, usually by means of fraudulent emails that look as though they came from legitimate businesses.

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phishing

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masquerading attack that combines spam with spoofing. The perpetrator sends millions of spam emails that appear to be from a respectable company. The emails contain a link to a website that is designed to look exactly like the company's website.

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phishing expedition

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a phishing expedition in which the emails are carefully designed to target a particular person or organization

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spear phishing

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A phone scam that attempts to defraud people by asking them to call a bogus telephone number to confirm their account information.

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Vishing

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Reroutes requests for legitimate websites to false websites.

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Pharming

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is a program that secretly takes over another computer for the purpose of launching attacks on other computers.

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Zombie

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a group of computers on which a hacker has planted zombie programs

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zombie farm

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Uses a zombie farm, often by an organized crime association, to launch a massive phishing attack.

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pharming attack

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form of social engineering, individual lies to obtain confidential data about another individual

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pretexting

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1. people: authentication & authorization 2. data: prevention & resistance 3. attacks: detection & response

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3 areas of information security

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1. something the user knows: username or password 2. something the user has: token or smart cards 3. something that is part of the user: biometrics

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authentication & authorization

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are small electronic devices that change user passwords automatically. The user enters his or her user ID and token-displayed password to gain access to the network

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tokens

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is a device about the size of a credit card, containing embedded technologies that can store information and small amounts of software to perform some limited processing

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smart card

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is the identification of a user based on a physical characteristic, such as a fingerprint, iris, face, voice, or handwriting -voiceprint: set of measurable characteristics of a human voice that uniquely identifies an indiviual

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Biometrics

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the traditional security process, which requires a user name and password

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single-factor authentication

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requires the user to provide two means of authentication, what the user knows (password) and what the user has (security token).

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two-factor

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requires more than two means of authentication such as what the user knows (password), what the user has (security token), and what the user is (biometric verification)

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multi-factor

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are computer viruses that wait for a specific date before executing their instructions.

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Time bombs

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Occurs when organizations use software that filters content, such as emails, to prevent the accidental or malicious transmission of unauthorized information.

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Content filtering

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scrambles information into an alternative form that requires a key or password to decrypt.

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Encryption

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is the science that studies encryption, which is the hiding of messages so that only the sender and receiver can read them.

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Cryptography

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is a trusted third party, such as VeriSign, that validates user identities by means of digital certificates.

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certificate authority

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introduce by The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) designed to keep government information secure

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advanced encryption standard (AES)

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uses two keys: a public key that everyone can have and a private key for only the recipient

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Public key encryption (PKE)

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is a data file that identifies individuals or organizations online and is comparable to a digital signature.

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digital certificate

question

hardware and/or software that guard a private network by analyzing incoming and outgoing information for the correct markings. If they are missing, the firewall prevents the information from entering the network. can even detect computers communicating with the Internet without approval.

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firewall

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is an organized attempt by a country's military to disrupt or destroy information and communication systems for another country.

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cyberwar

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is the use of computer and networking technologies against persons or property to intimidate or coerce governments, individuals, or any segment of society to attain political, religious, or ideological goals.

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Cyberterrorism

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features full-time monitoring tools that search for patterns in network traffic to identify intruders.

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Intrusion detection software (IDS)

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is a form of internet marketing that implements various social media networks in order to achieve marketing communication and branding goals. -social sharing of content, videos, and images for marketing purposes, as well as paid social media advertising.

answer

Social media marketing

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