Biology Unit 10: Cell Cycle and Cancer – Flashcards
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Name the 4 general phases of the cell cycle
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G1 Growth, S Synthesis, G2 preparation for division, and M mitosis
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Make a statement that compares mitosis and meiosis
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mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells, and meiosis results in 4 genetically varied haploid cells
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During which phase does the size of the cell increase
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G1 phase
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During which phase does the number of cells increase
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M phase
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totipotent
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cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body
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pluripotent
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cells that are capable of developing into most but not all of the body's cell types
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oncogene
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a type of cancer gene that normally functions to accelerate cell division and growth
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tumor suppressor gene
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type of cancer gene that acts like brakes
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DNA repair gene
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type of cancer gene that fixes minor damage to DNA when replicated
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what might a mutated oncogene do?
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it might make cell division go and keep going on and on
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what is required for a cell to become cancerous
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several genes are all mutated
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Which four conditions activate p53 to shut down cell division?
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low oxygen concentration, DNA damage, chemotherapeutic agents, and other stress
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what does p53 guard against
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changes to cells that might lead to tumor formation and cancer
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What happens in G1?
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cells increase in size, synthesize new proteins and organelles
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What happens in S?
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new DNA is synthesized
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What happens in G2?
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Organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
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What happens in M?
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Cell divides to produce two daughter cells
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What does PMAT stand for?
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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What do internal regulators do?
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Allow the cell cycle to proceed only when certain events have occurred inside the cell itself (eg chromosomes have replicated)
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What do external regulators do
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proteins that respond to events outside the cell and speed up or slow down the cell cycle (eg. you get a scrape, they speed up the cell cycle)
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explain crossing over
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process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
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what is a growth factor and why is it important?
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An external regulatory protein that stimulates growth and division of cells, it is important because it prevents excessive cell growth
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what is apoptosis
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a process of programmed cell death
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tumor
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a mass of cancerous cells, can be benign(harmless) or malignant(harmful)
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what makes Cancer cells so bad
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as they spread they absorb the nutrients needed by other cells, block nerve connections, and prevent the organs the invade from functioning properly
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what are the three ways that Cancer can be treated?
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1. removal by surgery 2. radiation beams 3. chemotherapy
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during which phase would you expect the amount of DNA to change
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synthesis phase
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True or false: cancer risk increases with age
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true!
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what are the four causes of cancer
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1. chemical poisons-aka mutagens 2. family history 3. radiation exposure 4. UV light
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent
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diploid
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term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes
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haploid
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term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes, aka gamete
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p53
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a gene that prevents cancer by halting the cell cycle until all chromosomes have been properly replicated
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cell cycle
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a series of events cells go through as they grow and divide, results in two nearly identical daughter cells
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3 purposes of cell division
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Growth Repair Asexual Reproduction
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what are the problems associated with asexual reproduction?
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one disease or mutation could wipe out the entire population no genetic variation monoclonal populations are formed
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what does cyclin do
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regulates a cell's progression through the cell cycle
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what does DNA Polymerase do?
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it 'proofreads' the DNA for mutations or mistakes
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chromosome
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form of DNA that is inherited
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chromatin
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condensed or coiled chromosomes during prophase
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chromatid
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on of two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome joined by a single centromere
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karotype
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picture of a whole set of chromsomes
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sister chromatids
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two replicas of a single chromosome held together by a centromere after DNA replication
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meiosis
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the process of creating 4 haploid sex cells with genetic variation
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what happens in prophase
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Chromosomes condense. The nuclear envelope breaks down. The centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell. The microtubules attach themselves to the sister chromatids
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What happens in metaphase
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sister chromatids are lined up along the metaphase plate by the pulling on both ends
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what happens in anaphase
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the sister chromatids are split in half so that the chromatids are seperated
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what happens in telophase
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new nuclear envelopes form around the new sets of chromosomes
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what happens in cytokenisis
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in plant cells: a cell wall forms seperating the cell into two daughter cells in animal cells: the cell membrane pinches off to form two seperate daughter cells
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angiogenesis
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when the body grow a network of new blood vessels at a time of growth or repair
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in what type of organs does meiosis occur?
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sex organs
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at the end of PMAT a cell must distribute this evenly
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the cytoplasm
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what do oncogenes do
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alter receptor molecules located on the surface of cells that are responsible for signaling the cell to divide
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Before any cell can divide what has to happen?
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the DNA must be duplicated
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what do cancerous cells have to do with angiogenesis
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they activate genes in healthy tissue to encourage the growth of new blood vessels into and around the cancerous tissue
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cancer cell
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a cell in the body that ceases to respond to normal growth controls
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in a cancerous cell, which stage would be the shortest?
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G1, growth phase
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what type of gene is p53?
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a guardian gene
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what happens when an oncogene is mutated?
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very rapid and ongoing cell division occurs
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the purpose of cell division is
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to repair growth while maintaining the correct amount of chromosomes and DNA
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cyclins
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a family of proteins involved in the progression of cells through the cell cycle
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why is interphase the longest phase
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cells need time to perform their specific functions or jobs for the organismt
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what can happen to cells if they do not divide
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they continue into interphase and die eventually
