Biology Semester One Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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biology is the study of what?
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life
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characteristics of life
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living things are made from cells. different levels of organization. DNA. use energy. grow and develop. respond to environment. reproduce. adapt to environment.
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what is science? and the goals of science?
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study of physical and natural world. and the goal is to explain it. (mostly the natural world in biology.)
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what is homeostasis? give an example.
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the ability of the body or cell to maintain an equilibrium with temperature. an example would be when we go in the cold and the heart rate slows down so the body shivers (shivers are the muscles spazz type things) so the heart rate can go up and heat the body. same with heat. sweat is the body's way of cooling the body down.
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what are the boiling and freezing points on the Celsius scale?
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boiling- 100 C freezing- 0 c
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what are the boiling and freezing points on the Fahrenheit scale?
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boiling- 212 F freezing- 32 F
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what are the levels of organization in biology? smallest to largest.
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molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
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the parts if an atom and the location of each within the atom.
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protons- positive charge, found in the nucleus neutrons- no charge, found in nucleus electron- negative charge, found around the atom
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what is a covalent bond?
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a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms.
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compare element, compound, and mixture
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element- consists of only one kind of element compound- consists of two or more different elements bound together mixture- consists of two or more different elements and/or molecules physically intermingled
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what is an ionic bond?
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complete to transfer of electrons between atoms
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why is a water molecule polar?
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the opposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges. opposite charges cause the molecule to be polar.
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what is a hydrogen bond?
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a bond with polar molecules.
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how do the hydrogen bonds play a role in water molecules sticking together?
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they attract
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how are cohesion and adhesion similar? different?
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cohesion- attraction of water molecules adhesion- attraction of other surfaces
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what is a solution?
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liquid mixture. (solvent+solute)
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the difference between the solute and the solvent?
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solute- powder/solid solvent- liquid
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on the pH scale, what is acidic, basic, and neutral?
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acidic- 0-9 basic- 8-14 neutral- 7
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what number is considered the strongest acid? strongest base?
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strongest acid-14 strongest base-0-1
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the differences is monomers and polymers
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monomers-small molecules join together polymers-composed of comnomers
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the four organic macromolecules, their basic structure, AND functions.
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proteins- monomer- amino acids. function-cell membrane. CHON- elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) carbohydrates- monomer- glucose (C6H12O6). function-energy (starch- where plants store energy.. glycogen-where animals store energy.. cellulose- located in cell wall- makes plants sturdy.) CHO-elements nucleic acid- monomer- nucleotide-5 carbon sugar,phosphate group,nitrogen base. RNA & DNA. CHONP- elements. lipids- monomer-phospholipids- polar head and non polar tail. CHo-elements. energy.
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what is a monosaccaharide and a polysaccharide?
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mono-single sugar molecule (glucose) poly- multiple sugar molecules (starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
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which organic compound is the main source of energy for living things?
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carbohydrates
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what is a chemical reaction?
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a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances.
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what happens to chemical bonds in a chemical reaction?
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they form or break down
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what happens to atoms in a chemical reaction?
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they are rearranged.
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what is a reactant in a chemical reaction?
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they are changed into other substances ____-->
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what is a product in a chemical reaction?
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what reactants are changed into -->___
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how do enzymes affect reactions in living cells?
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they speed up the reactions
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parts of the microscope
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eyepiece, arm, knob (2), light, base, diaphram, stage, objective lense
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what is a prokaryote?
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a cell with no nucleus
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what is an eukaryote?
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a cell with a nucleus
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how do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?
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one has a nucleus and one does not
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3 examples of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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eu-plant, animal, and fungi pro-bacteria, yeast, and algae
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what are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
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all living things are made up of cells. cells are made up of other cells. and they are the smallest basic unit of life.
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what is found is the nucleus of the cell?
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DNA
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all the animal organelles
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nucleus, nucleolous, smooth and rough ER, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, vacuole, lysosome
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what organelles are found in plants not in animals?
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chloroplast, and cell wall
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what are microtubules and microfilaments used for?
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movement and structure
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what is a cell wall, where would you find it, and what is it's function?
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it supports and protects the cell. it's found in plant cells. it makes the plant sturdy
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describe the cell membrane and give its function
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it controls what goes in and out of the cell. it helps with structure and movement.
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what is diffusion?
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molecules spread from high level of concentration to low. equilibrium.
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what is osmosis?
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diffusion of water. it doesn't require energy
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what is a hypotonic solution?
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a fat cell (hippo) more molecules inside
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what is a hypertonic solution?
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a shriveled cell. skinny
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what is an isotonic solution?
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equal concentration
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what happens to a cell when you put it into a hypertonic solution? hypotinic? isotonic?
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hypo- cell will grow and pop hyper-cell will shrivel iso-nothing happen to the cell because of equal concentration
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what is facillitated diffusion?
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type of passive transport that allows substances to cross membranes. it requires no energy
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what is active transport?
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when a molecule is pumped from low to high concentration. it requires energy.
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what is an organ?
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a group of tissue that work together to preform a certain function
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what is an organ system?
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a group of organs that work together to preform a certain function
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what relation is there between an organ, a tissue, and a cell?
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they make up eachother
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the levels of organization in a multicellular organism
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cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
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what are organisms that make their own food?
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autotrophs
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what are organisms that don't make their own food?
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heterotrophs
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what is ATP and what is its function? 3 parts?
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stores energy for later use. adenine, 3 phosphate groups, and ribose
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when is energy released from an ATP molecule?
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when a phosphate group breaks off
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what is photosynthesis?
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when a plant takes sunlight and CO2 and turns it into food and oxygen 6H2O+6CO2--chloroplast/light-->C6H12O6+6O2
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what are the products for photosynthesis?
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glucose and oxygen
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what are the reactants for photosynthesis?
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water and carbon dioxide
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why do plants appear green?
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chlorophyll
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what is granum? where is it located?
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a stack of thylakoids. it is located in the chloroplast.
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what is the stroma?
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gel like material inside the chloroplast
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where do light dependent reactions take place? what is released? photosystem 1 or 2 occurs first?
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take place in the thylakoid space oxygen is released photosystem 2 occurs first
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where does the calvin cycle take place? what is released? what is another name?
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takes place in the stroma glucose is released light independent reaction
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some of the things that affect photosynthesis?
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light intensity, temperature, and water
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what is cellular respiration?
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a process that breaks down glucose and stores it for energy as ATP
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what are the steps in cellular respiration?
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glycolysis, kreb's cycle, and electron transport chain
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how many molecules does cellular respiration from what?
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it produces 36 ATP from 1 glucose
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equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6+6O2--mitochondria-->6H2O+6CO2
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where does glycolysis take place?
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cytoplasm
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where does the electron transport chain take place?
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cristae
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where does the krebs cycle take place
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matrix
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how does glycolysis begin?
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glucose
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in cellular respiration, what molecule acts as an electron carrier?
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NAD+
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what are the two products of fermentation?
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alcoholic and lactic acid
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if oxygen is present after glycolysis, the next step will be what?
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krebs cycle
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what does aerobic mean?
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with oxygen
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what does anaerobic mean?
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without oxygen
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what is the starting molecule for the krebs cycle?
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pyruvic acid
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the energy is electrons during cellular respiration is used to make what?
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ATP
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what does the body use as a source of energy during exercise?
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glucose and glycogen
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compare cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
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opposite
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why is there a limitation to cell size?
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DNA overload, limited nutrients and resources
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what are parts of the cell cycle?
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Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
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how many daughter cells does one cell going through the cell cycle divide into?
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2 daughter cells
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what is the longest phase of the cell cycle and what takes place during this phase?
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interphase. the cells grows
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the different phases if mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
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what is the longest phase of mitosis?
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prophase
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what is cytokinesis?
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when the cytoplasm pinches and 2 cells are formed
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during what stages are chromosomes visible?
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prophase-telophase
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what is the purpose of spindle fibers?
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helps seperate chromosomes
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what regulates the cell cycle?
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cyline
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what is cancer?
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the uncontrolled growth of cells
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what are homologous chromosomes?
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2 sets from both parents
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what does it mean to be diploid?
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2 sets=1 whole human- 46 sets= 23 wholes
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what does it mean to be haploid?
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1 set= 1/2
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different stages of meiosis
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I,P,M,A,T and P2,M2,A2,T2
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are the cells genetically different or genetically identical?
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different
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how many daughter cells do we get with meiosis?
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4
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how many cell divisions do we have with meiosis?
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2
