Biology Semester One Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
101 test answers
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what are the boiling and freezing points on the Celsius scale?
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boiling- 100 C freezing- 0 c
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what are the boiling and freezing points on the Fahrenheit scale?
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boiling- 212 F freezing- 32 F
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what are the levels of organization in biology? smallest to largest.
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molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
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the parts if an atom and the location of each within the atom.
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protons- positive charge, found in the nucleus neutrons- no charge, found in nucleus electron- negative charge, found around the atom
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what is a covalent bond?
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a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms.
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compare element, compound, and mixture
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element- consists of only one kind of element compound- consists of two or more different elements bound together mixture- consists of two or more different elements and/or molecules physically intermingled
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what is an ionic bond?
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complete to transfer of electrons between atoms
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why is a water molecule polar?
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the opposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges. opposite charges cause the molecule to be polar.
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what is a hydrogen bond?
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a bond with polar molecules.
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how do the hydrogen bonds play a role in water molecules sticking together?
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they attract
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how are cohesion and adhesion similar? different?
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cohesion- attraction of water molecules adhesion- attraction of other surfaces
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what is a solution?
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liquid mixture. (solvent+solute)
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the difference between the solute and the solvent?
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solute- powder/solid solvent- liquid
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on the pH scale, what is acidic, basic, and neutral?
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acidic- 0-9 basic- 8-14 neutral- 7
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what number is considered the strongest acid? strongest base?
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strongest acid-14 strongest base-0-1
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the differences is monomers and polymers
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monomers-small molecules join together polymers-composed of comnomers
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the four organic macromolecules, their basic structure, AND functions.
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proteins- monomer- amino acids. function-cell membrane. CHON- elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) carbohydrates- monomer- glucose (C6H12O6). function-energy (starch- where plants store energy.. glycogen-where animals store energy.. cellulose- located in cell wall- makes plants sturdy.) CHO-elements nucleic acid- monomer- nucleotide-5 carbon sugar,phosphate group,nitrogen base. RNA & DNA. CHONP- elements. lipids- monomer-phospholipids- polar head and non polar tail. CHo-elements. energy.
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what is a monosaccaharide and a polysaccharide?
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mono-single sugar molecule (glucose) poly- multiple sugar molecules (starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
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which organic compound is the main source of energy for living things?
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carbohydrates
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what is a chemical reaction?
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a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances.
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what happens to chemical bonds in a chemical reaction?
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they form or break down
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what happens to atoms in a chemical reaction?
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they are rearranged.
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what is a reactant in a chemical reaction?
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they are changed into other substances ____-->
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what is a product in a chemical reaction?
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what reactants are changed into -->___
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how do enzymes affect reactions in living cells?
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they speed up the reactions
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parts of the microscope
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eyepiece, arm, knob (2), light, base, diaphram, stage, objective lense
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what is a prokaryote?
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a cell with no nucleus
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what is an eukaryote?
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a cell with a nucleus
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how do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?
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one has a nucleus and one does not
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3 examples of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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eu-plant, animal, and fungi pro-bacteria, yeast, and algae
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what are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
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all living things are made up of cells. cells are made up of other cells. and they are the smallest basic unit of life.
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what is found is the nucleus of the cell?
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DNA
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all the animal organelles
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nucleus, nucleolous, smooth and rough ER, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, vacuole, lysosome
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what organelles are found in plants not in animals?
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chloroplast, and cell wall
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what are microtubules and microfilaments used for?
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movement and structure
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what is a cell wall, where would you find it, and what is it's function?
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it supports and protects the cell. it's found in plant cells. it makes the plant sturdy
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describe the cell membrane and give its function
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it controls what goes in and out of the cell. it helps with structure and movement.
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what is diffusion?
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molecules spread from high level of concentration to low. equilibrium.
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what is osmosis?
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diffusion of water. it doesn't require energy
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what is a hypotonic solution?
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a fat cell (hippo) more molecules inside
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what is a hypertonic solution?
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a shriveled cell. skinny
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what is an isotonic solution?
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equal concentration
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what happens to a cell when you put it into a hypertonic solution? hypotinic? isotonic?
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hypo- cell will grow and pop hyper-cell will shrivel iso-nothing happen to the cell because of equal concentration
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what is facillitated diffusion?
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type of passive transport that allows substances to cross membranes. it requires no energy
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what is active transport?
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when a molecule is pumped from low to high concentration. it requires energy.
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what is an organ?
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a group of tissue that work together to preform a certain function
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what is an organ system?
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a group of organs that work together to preform a certain function
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what relation is there between an organ, a tissue, and a cell?
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they make up eachother
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the levels of organization in a multicellular organism
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cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
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what are organisms that make their own food?
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autotrophs
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what are organisms that don't make their own food?
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heterotrophs
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what is ATP and what is its function? 3 parts?
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stores energy for later use. adenine, 3 phosphate groups, and ribose
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when is energy released from an ATP molecule?
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when a phosphate group breaks off
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what is photosynthesis?
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when a plant takes sunlight and CO2 and turns it into food and oxygen 6H2O+6CO2--chloroplast/light-->C6H12O6+6O2
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what are the products for photosynthesis?
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glucose and oxygen
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what are the reactants for photosynthesis?
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water and carbon dioxide
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why do plants appear green?
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chlorophyll
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what is granum? where is it located?
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a stack of thylakoids. it is located in the chloroplast.
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what is the stroma?
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gel like material inside the chloroplast
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where do light dependent reactions take place? what is released? photosystem 1 or 2 occurs first?
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take place in the thylakoid space oxygen is released photosystem 2 occurs first
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where does the calvin cycle take place? what is released? what is another name?
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takes place in the stroma glucose is released light independent reaction
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some of the things that affect photosynthesis?
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light intensity, temperature, and water
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what is cellular respiration?
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a process that breaks down glucose and stores it for energy as ATP
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what are the steps in cellular respiration?
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glycolysis, kreb's cycle, and electron transport chain
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how many molecules does cellular respiration from what?
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it produces 36 ATP from 1 glucose
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equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6+6O2--mitochondria-->6H2O+6CO2
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where does glycolysis take place?
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cytoplasm
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where does the electron transport chain take place?
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cristae
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where does the krebs cycle take place
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matrix
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how does glycolysis begin?
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glucose
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in cellular respiration, what molecule acts as an electron carrier?
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NAD+
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what are the two products of fermentation?
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alcoholic and lactic acid
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if oxygen is present after glycolysis, the next step will be what?
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krebs cycle
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what does aerobic mean?
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with oxygen
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what does anaerobic mean?
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without oxygen
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what is the starting molecule for the krebs cycle?
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pyruvic acid
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the energy is electrons during cellular respiration is used to make what?
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ATP
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what does the body use as a source of energy during exercise?
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glucose and glycogen
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compare cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
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opposite
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why is there a limitation to cell size?
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DNA overload, limited nutrients and resources
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what are parts of the cell cycle?
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Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
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how many daughter cells does one cell going through the cell cycle divide into?
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2 daughter cells
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what is the longest phase of the cell cycle and what takes place during this phase?
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interphase. the cells grows
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the different phases if mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
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what is the longest phase of mitosis?
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prophase
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what is cytokinesis?
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when the cytoplasm pinches and 2 cells are formed
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during what stages are chromosomes visible?
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prophase-telophase
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what is the purpose of spindle fibers?
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helps seperate chromosomes
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what regulates the cell cycle?
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cyline
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what is cancer?
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the uncontrolled growth of cells
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what are homologous chromosomes?
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2 sets from both parents
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what does it mean to be diploid?
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2 sets=1 whole human- 46 sets= 23 wholes
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what does it mean to be haploid?
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1 set= 1/2
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different stages of meiosis
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I,P,M,A,T and P2,M2,A2,T2
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are the cells genetically different or genetically identical?
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different
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how many daughter cells do we get with meiosis?
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4
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how many cell divisions do we have with meiosis?
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2
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