question

After Kinsey related that same-sex sexual relationships were widespread, I demonstrated that homosexuality is not a psychological disorder. I am:

answer

Evelyn Hooker.

question

Which type of research enables researchers to isolate a single factor under controlled circumstances to see how it influences behavior?

answer

experimental research

question

Basic to any scientific study, whether of sex or any other area of research, is a fundamental commitment to:

answer

objectivity.

question

Alfred Kinsey explored all of the following human sexual behaviors EXCEPT:

answer

the psychological dimensions of sexual behavior.

question

A problem that researchers encounter when using survey research is:

answer

the lack of in-depth responses.

question

Jeremiah believes that certain rites and rituals that are practiced in some African cultures are disgusting. He is engaging in the:

answer

ethnocentric fallacy.

question

Jenna holds an unsubstantiated belief about sex that is based on neither accurate knowledge or concrete evidence. Jenna's unsubstantiated belief would be called:

answer

an opinion.

question

The sex information/advice genre transmits:

answer

information and norms about sexuality

question

I am an English physician who believes that masturbation is a normal sexual behavior and homosexuality is neither a disease nor a perversion. I am:

answer

Havelock Ellis.

question

Dr. Andrews is a sex researcher who asks that respondents in her study keep track of their sexual fantasies and sexual behavior, as well as when they are using condoms. These respondents are using:

answer

sexual diaries.

question

The National Survey of Family Growth found that:

answer

10% of males and 85 of females between ages 15 and 44 have never had sex.

question

Which recent study of sexual behavior has found that approximately 75% of college men and women had at least one sexual partner in the previous year?

answer

The National College Health Assessment

question

Questionnaires in magazines that survey readers about their sexual attitudes and behaviors are primarily designed to:

answer

promote sales.

question

The term "machismo," when used correctly, refers to:

answer

values of courage, strength, generosity, politeness, and respect for others.

question

Full disclosure relates to which ethical issue in research?

answer

informed consent

question

When scientists find support for their hypotheses, other scientists will do similar studies to see if they get the same or similar results. Reviews of these attempts at replication show that:

answer

one-third of the time the results are not replicated.

question

Some commonly held sexual stereotypes are actually true, such as the belief that men are always ready for sex.

answer

False

question

The in-depth examination of an individual who is seen for psychological disorders would be called therapeutic research.

answer

False

question

Alfred Kinsey made it possible for people to talk about sex.

answer

True

question

An ethical concern faced by researchers involves the use of human beings as subjects.

answer

True

question

It is much easier today for universities and other institutions to get federal funding for sex research than it was in the time of Alfred Kinsey.

answer

False

question

Media personalities are more successful when they rely on their ability to inform rather than to entertain.

answer

False

question

The representation of black sexuality that allowed white masters to sexually exploit their female slaves continues to be perpetuated in the media today.

answer

True

question

Because researchers are rarely able to sample the entire population they wish to study, they select small groups that reflect the larger group in terms of age, sex, ethnicity, and so on.

answer

True

question

The media frequently misquote and misuse the findings of social science research.

answer

True

question

The type of research that involves manipulation of variables and allows for a determination of cause and effect is called observational research.

answer

False

question

An egocentric fallacy is the mistaken belief that

answer

one's own values are held by others.

question

What is a stereotype?

answer

a simplistic overgeneralized belief about people or ideas

question

Which statement best reflects the views of Havelock Ellis regarding the nature of female sexuality?

answer

Women have sexual desires no less intense than those of men.

question

A researcher is interested in studying the relationship between illegal drug use and certain high-risk sexual behaviors. She collects questionnaires from college students and faculty and has each subject identified by their Social Security number. This researcher may be most in jeopardy of violating the principle of

answer

confidentiality.

question

Those factors which the experimenter varies to observe their effects are

answer

independent variables.

question

The main difference between a value judgment and an objective statement is that objective statements

answer

describe actual behavior.

question

Sexually active National College Health Assessment survey respondents indicated that _______ were the most commonly used forms of birth control.

answer

condoms and birth control pills

question

The common Latino stereotype of machismo is as negative for Latino males as it is for non-Latinos.

answer

False

question

To modern feminist scholars, power is a critical element in male-female relationships.

answer

True

question

Havelock Ellis believed that homosexuality was learned.

answer

False

question

A major problem with observational research in the natural environment is that

answer

it raises the ethical issue of informed consent.

question

A personal leaning or inclination is called a bias.

answer

True

question

According to the National College Health Assessment, ____ of college women had at least one sexual partner during their last school year.

answer

71%

question

Why was the research of Evelyn Hooker important?

answer

She showed that gay men could not be distinguished from heterosexual men on the basis of personality characteristics.

question

___________________ is the method in which a hypothesis is formed from impartially gathered data and tested empirically.

answer

The scientific method

question

A simplistic, rigidly held, overgeneralized belief about an individual or a group of people is a(an)

answer

stereotype.

question

The sex researcher who wrote Psychopathia Sexualis was

answer

Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

question

The terms homosexual and heterosexual were coined by

answer

Karl Kertbeny.

question

Which of the following is NOT a common methodology used in social science research?

answer

unethical research

question

The media typically depict alcohol use as __________ leading to sexual risk behavior.

answer

always

question

According to Sigmund Freud, a person's gender identity is formed during the Oedipal stage.

answer

False

question

The primary purpose of the sex information/advice genre is to

answer

sell copies of the printed material or raise ratings.

question

A researcher compares the GPAs (grade point averages) of college students who are in monogamous romantic relationships with the GPAs of those who have multiple sexual partners. What research method is being employed here?

answer

correlation

question

If a researcher wanted to know about the contraceptive techniques used by poor people, and only African Americans were surveyed, the sample would be biased.

answer

True

question

Ethnocentrism is reinforced by

answer

opinions, biases, and stereotypes.

question

Portia and Blaine are firmly convinced that their Ivy League college culture is superior to others in every way. They view students at other institutions with disdain. Portia and Blaine may be demonstrating

answer

ethnocentrism.

question

A major weakness of Kinsey's research was

answer

that its strictly quantitative approach ignored other key dimensions of sexual behavior.

question

Many people believe Kinsey's work was responsible for a moral breakdown in the United States.

answer

True

question

Which of the following statements is a value judgment?

answer

Young men and women should masturbate regularly.

question

One of the most important findings in Kinsey's work was that

answer

there was extraordinary diversity in sexual behavior.

question

According to Sigmund Freud, girls and boys develop feminine and masculine identities when they

answer

relinquish their desire for the other-sex parent and begin to identify with their same-sex parent.

question

An opinion differs from a fact in that an opinion is

answer

not based on concrete evidence or accurate knowledge.

question

Which statement best summarizes Havelock Ellis' view of homosexuality?

answer

He saw it as a harmless congenital condition.

question

The notion that women need a reason for sex; men need a place is an example of

answer

a sexual stereotype.

question

A relatively new interviewing research technique using computer and audio assistance is known as the

answer

audio-CASI method.

question

According to the National Survey of Family Growth, when including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex, _______ of men aged 25-44 have never had sex in their lives.

answer

10%

question

Which of the following is TRUE of feminist scholars?

answer

They believe power is a critical element in male-female relationships.

question

The "phallic fallacy" is the mistaken belief that our experiences and values are shared by others.

answer

False

question

The stage of psychosexual development in which little girls sexually desire their fathers is commonly known as the

answer

Electra Complex.

question

Latinos who do not identify with their Latino heritage, speak only English, and have moderate (at most) religious ties are

answer

acculturated Latinos.

question

Masters and Johnson are well known for their laboratory observations of sexual behavior among rats.

answer

False

question

Dr. Castillo wants to conduct research on college students' sexual behavior. After designing the study, he must

answer

demonstrate to a research review board that ethical guidelines will be followed.

question

Using the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2001), researchers surveyed students in grades 9-12 and found that the percentage of students reporting having had sexual intercourse with at least one person during the three months before the survey was

answer

35%

question

Clinical research

answer

is usually descriptive in nature.

question

Statistics about sexual behavior that are promoted the most in the media tend to

answer

support widely held media preconceptions.

question

Dr. Barnes is interested in the sexual behavior of middle-aged adults. She goes to a large corporation and collects data on all clerical workers who meet this criterion. Dr. Barnes calls her study "The Sexual Behavior of Middle-Aged American Workers." Dr. Barnes could be criticized on the grounds that

answer

the findings are not based on a representative sample.

question

It is important to think critically when reading sex research studies because

answer

most research samples have several potential limitations.

question

A major limitation of correlational studies is that they cannot

answer

indicate which variable causes the other to change.

question

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using questionnaires in sex research?

answer

The researcher can obtain in-depth information.

question

Stereotypical beliefs

answer

are resistant to change.

question

If two variables occur together with great statistical regularity, we may conclude that they are correlated.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is NOT a stereotypical belief?

answer

Unprotected sexual contact with a new partner can transmit STIs.

question

Those factors which are affected by the manipulation of other variables are

answer

dependent variables.

question

Which of the following does NOT describe objective statements?

answer

They suggest ideals or desirable ways of behaving.

question

An ad in the campus newspaper indicated that $20 will be paid to male volunteers who participate in a study of male sexual response. What might one assume about the volunteers?

answer

They are not a representative sample of college-age males.

question

One obstacle to sex research today which was also experienced by Alfred Kinsey is

answer

the attack on the value of sex research by some members of Congress and conservative groups.

question

A major limitation of clinical research is

answer

the emphasis on pathological behavior.

question

The influence of nature versus nurture on sexual orientation has been resolved after a lengthy debate.

answer

False

question

Ethical considerations for research in sexuality include

answer

informed consent from the participants.

question

A criticism of the clinical research method is that it lacks depth.

answer

False

question

Value judgments serve to

answer

obscure the search for understanding about sexuality.

question

In order to lend scientific credibility to their materials, the sexual information media

answer

use the trappings of social science and psychiatry without the substance.

question

The American Psychiatric Association has removed homosexuality from its list of psychological disorders.

answer

True

question

The Youth Risk Behavior Survey suggested that roughly ____% of students, grades 9-12, had engaged in sexual intercourse.

answer

48

question

To say that masturbation is an immature form of sexual behavior is a value judgment.

answer

True

question

A disadvantage of the survey method is that

answer

self-reports of behavior can be inaccurate.

question

Evelyn Higginbotham described the rationalized constructions of African American woman's sexuality as

answer

primitive and promiscuous.

question

The development of the Kinsey Scale was an attempt to

answer

represent the proportion of an individual's sexual behaviors with the same or other sex.

question

A major weakness of Freud's theory of sexuality was

answer

the fact that there were no empirical data to support his ideas.

question

According to sociologists, sexual stereotyping is often used to

answer

justify discrimination.

question

Okazaki (2002) reported that Asian American adolescents and young adults tend to be

answer

sexually conservative and later sex initiators, compared to White adolescents and young adults.

question

The highly successful approach to treatment of sexual problems developed by Masters and Johnson was based on

answer

behavioral therapy.

question

The National Health and Social Life Survey suggested that on average Americans have sex about once a week.

answer

True

question

Dependent variables are those factors that the investigator manipulates in order to observe the effects on the independent variable.

answer

False

question

Why was the 1973 removal of homosexuality from the DSM-II (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) significant?

answer

It meant that homosexuality per se was not considered a mental illness.

question

How do the methods employed by sex researchers compare with those used by other social scientists?

answer

Sex researchers use familiar methodologies but are constrained by taboos and additional ethical concerns.

question

Havelock Ellis viewed the so-called abnormal sexual behaviors as

answer

exaggerations of normal sexual behavior.

question

Alfred Kinsey's studies of sexual behavior revealed that there was tremendous consistency between public standards of sexual behavior and actual sexual behavior.

answer

False

question

Current research shows that sexual attitudes and behaviors are __________ among low- and middle-class African Americans.

answer

very different

question

William Masters and Virginia Johnson contributed all of the following to our understanding of human sexual behavior EXCEPT they did not

answer

support Freud's distinction between clitoral and vaginal orgasms.

question

According to Sigmund Freud, the part of the body that is involved with the earliest form of erotic pleasure is the

answer

mouth.

question

A bias in scientific inquiry causes us to

answer

select information that supports our view or belief.

question

The focus of the sexual information/advice genre is on

answer

simplified how-to information and morality.

question

An in-depth combination of an individual or group is called

answer

clinical research.

question

Opinions are not based on accurate knowledge or concrete evidence.

answer

True

question

Janet and Joshua conclude that a particular tribe is bizarre because the men adorn themselves by making holes in their genitalia and filling the holes with little wire rings. They overlook the fact that in our culture, we pierce our ears, tongues, eyebrows, and other body parts. This is an example of

answer

ethnocentrism.

question

Once personal biases are recognized and overcome, it becomes less important to apply objective methods of social science research.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is NOT a sampling-related problem that occurs in sex research?

answer

African Americans and Latinos are over-represented in most studies.

question

A schema performs all of the following functions EXCEPT that it does not

answer

ensure that the information we receive is accurate.

question

The notion that gay male relationships are doomed to fail is an example of

answer

a sexual stereotype.

question

The term phallacy was coined by feminists to describe male stereotypes of women.

answer

False

question

Sex advice columnists are bound by a strict code of professional ethics.

answer

False

question

Survey research results are only as accurate as the memories of the survey respondents.

answer

True

question

In scientific research, an attempt to generalize the findings of a study with a smaller number of subjects to a larger population is known as a(n)

answer

representative sample.

question

The position of most major mental health organizations regarding "reparative" therapy for homosexuality is that it should

answer

not be done.

Biology of Human Sexuality: Chapter 2 – Flashcards

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