Biology (MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE) – Flashcards
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certain body systems
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biological systems
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the components of cells; the different cell functions; cellular makeup of a being
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cellular basis
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the way something looks and the way it moves; what the certain object is used for
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form and function
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how the organism bears offspring
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reproduction
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how the organism benefits from/ helps the environment
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interaction with the environment
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what the organism needs for energy; how the organism uses energy
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energy
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how the organism reaches and maintains homeostasis
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regulation
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how the organism changes over time to get used to the environment
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adaptation
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how an organism (i.e. a human) fits into society
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biology and society
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questioning; why/how we need something
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scientific inquiry
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-biological systems -cellular basis -form and function -reproduction -interaction with the environment -energy -regulation -adaptation -biology and society -scientific inquiry
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What are the 10 themes of biology?
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the study of the science of life
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biology
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the basic structure of life
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cells
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a group of cells with a similar form, appearance, and function
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tissue
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groups of similar tissue
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organs
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groups of organs that work together
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organ system
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a group of organ systems
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organism
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organisms of the same kind living in the same area
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population
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all of the organisms that live in one area
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community
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all of the different communities (living and non-living)
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ecosystem
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all of the ecosystems put together (planet Earth)
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biosphere
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-cells -tissues -organs -organ system -organism -population -community -ecosystem -biosphere
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What is the organization of life?
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anything that has mass and takes up space
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matter
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a substance that cannot be broken up into anything chemically smaller
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elements
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a combination of two or more elements (it is always put together in the same way)
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compound
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made of subatomic particles
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atoms
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have a negative charge; found in orbitals outside of the nucleus (the atomic cloud)
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electrons
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positive charge; found in the nucleus
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protons
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no charge; found in the nucleus
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neutrons
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alternate forms of elements; have the same # of protons, but a different # of neutrons)
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isotopes
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something that holds the atoms together
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bonds
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when an atom transfers an electron to another atom
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ionic bond
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when two atoms share an electron
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covalent bond
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bond between a hydrogen atom and another atom
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hydrogen bond
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-ionic -covalent -hydrogen
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What are the three types of chemical bonds?
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one side of a molecule has a slightly more positive charge than the other one
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polar molecule
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the ability of water molecules to stick to each other
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cohesion
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the ability of water to stick to other things
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adhesion
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-it is a polar molecule - it has a hydrogen bond -cohesion -adhesion
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What are the 4 properties of water?
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the concentration of hydrogen ions
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pH
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anything below the number 7 on the pH scale
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acids
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anything above the number 7 on the pH scale
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bases
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resist a change in pH
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buffers
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was the first person to observe cells in 1665; looked at cork through a microscope and saw compartments he called "cells"
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Robert Hooke
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became the first person to observe living cells in the 1700s; developed a simple light microscope
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Anton von Leeuwenhoek
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-all living things are composed of cells -cells are the basic structural unit of life -cells come from living cells
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What is the cell theory?
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have no nucleus or organelles; bacteria; most likely the first living thing on Earth
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prokaryotes
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any other cells other than bacteria; have a nucleus and organelles
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eukaryotes
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-prokaryotes -eukaryotes
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What are the two types of cells?
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outer boundary of the cell; gives the cell its shape
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plasma membrane
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thick liquid inside the cell membrane
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cytosol
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the "control center" of the cell
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nucleus
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the "organs" of the cell
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organelles
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temporary structures in the cell
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inclusions
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everything inside the cell membrane except the nucleus
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cytoplasm
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-lipids -proteins
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What makes up the cell membrane?
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-communication -selectively permeable (only certain things can come in/out of the cell membrane) -transport (from one side of the membrane to the other)
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
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requires no work from the cell
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passive transport
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the movement of gases across the cell membrane
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diffusion
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the net movement of water
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osmosis
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concentration of solution inside the cell is equal to the concentration outside of the cell
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isotonic osmotic pressure
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concentration outside the cell is less than inside the cell; water moves into the cell
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hypotonic osmotic pressure
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concentration outside the cell is greater than inside the cell; water moves out of the cell
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hypertonic osmotic pressure
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uses channels/transporters
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facilitated diffusion
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-diffusion -osmosis -facilitated diffusion -filtration
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What are the four types of passive transport?
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requires energy
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active transport
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uses a sodium pump
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primary active transport
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uses endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis
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secondary active transport
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trying to get an outside material to the inside of the cell
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endocytosis
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cell eating
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phagocytosis
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cell drinking
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pinocytosis
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pushing a substance outside of a cell
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exocytosis
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-phagocytosis -pincytosis
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What are the two types of endocytosis?
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contains DNA
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nucleolus
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located right outside of the nucleus; uses channels and cisterns
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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makes phospholipids and steroids
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smooth ER
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closest to the nucleus; used as temporary storage
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rough ER
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made in the nucleus; involved with the making of proteins; contains RNA
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ribosomes
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sorts, packages, and delivers proteins/lipids to the cytoplasmic membrane; forms lysosomes
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golgi apparatus
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the power plant of the cell; generates ATP
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mitochondria
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digestive bags
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lysosomes
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oxidize organic substances (remove hydrogen atoms); detoxify harmful substances
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peroxisomes
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form the mitotic spindle
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centrosomes
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located in the centrosomes
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centrioles
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-interphase -mitosis -cytokenesis
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What is the cell cycle?
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-G₁: check for cell size, nutrition, and DNA damage -G₂: check for cell size, DNA replication
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What happens at the G₁ and G₂ phases?
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the division of the nucleus
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mitosis
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the division of the cytoplasm
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cytokenesis
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chromatin fibers coil into chromosomes; mitotic spindle forms; nucleolus disappears
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prophase
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chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
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metaphase
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chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell
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anaphase
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chromosomes uncoil to chromatin; mitotic spindle disappears; nuclear membrane appears
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telophase
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chromosomes
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chromatin fibers coil into _____________
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chromatids
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each chromosome contains 2 _____________
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centromere
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chromatid pairs are held together by a __________
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the replication of sex cells
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meiosis
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-meiosis 1 -meiosis 2
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What are the two processes of meiosis?
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reduces a diploid cell to a haploid cell
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meiosis 1
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generates more sex cells
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meiosis 2
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a cell with the full number of chromosomes
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diploid
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a cells with only half the number of chromosomes
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haploid
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the Father of Genetics; used pisium sativum
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Gregor Mendel
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a pea plant
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pisium sativum
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the mother and father
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Waht two factors govern a trait?
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-dominance or recessiveness -segregation -independent assortment
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What are the three principles of inheritance?
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factor
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allele
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the inherited part of DNA
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gene
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when both alleles of the pair are the same
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homozygous
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when both the alleles of the pair are the same
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heterozygous
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the genetic makeup of an organism
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geneotype
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the physical appearance of an organism
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phenotype
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the gene that is shown
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dominant
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the gene that is not shown
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recessive
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a punnet square cross between two parents using only one character
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monohybrid cross
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a cross between two parents using two or more characters
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dihybrid cross
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a compound that contains carbon
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organic
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a compound that doesn't contain carbon
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inorganic
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oxygen bonded with hydrogen
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hydroxyl
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carbon double-bonded with oxygen
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carbonyl
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carbonyl and hydroxyl put together
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carboxyl
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two hydrogen and a nitrogen
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amino group
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a small molecular unit
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monomer
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made up of two or more monomers
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polymer
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-carbohydrates -nucleic acids -proteins -lipids
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What are the 4 main polymers?
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a hydrophyllic sugar
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carbohydrate
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simple sugar
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monosaccharide
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a monosaccharide
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What is glucose?
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made up of two monosaccharides
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disaccharide
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a disaccharide
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What is sucrose?
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table sugar, sugar beets, sugar cane
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What has sucrose in it?
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complex carbohydrate; made up of several monosaccharides
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polysaccharide
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they are polysaccharides
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What are starch and cellulose?
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it is a part of plant cells; gives plants the ability to stand upright
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What is cellulose? (where is it found/what does it do)
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hydrophobic fats and steroids
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lipids
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in the cell membrane
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Where are lipids found?
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- saturated fats -unsaturated fats
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What are the two types of fats?
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-cholesterol -sex hormones
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What are the two types of steroids?
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a polymer formed from amino acids
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protein
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the process of a protein losing its shape
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denaturation
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a type of polymer
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amino acid
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a chain of linked amino acids
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polypeptide
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a protein that speeds up chemical reactions
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enzyme
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a type of enzyme
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catalyst
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an organsm that makes their own food
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autotroph (producer)
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an organism that feeds off of producers or other consumers
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heterotroph (consumer)
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energy of motion
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kinetic energy
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stored energy
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potential energy
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energy stored in molecules
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chemical energy
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adenosine triphosphate
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ATP
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a compound containing nitrogen
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adenine
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a 5 carbon sugar
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ribose
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in the mitochondria
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Where is ATP made?
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-glycolysis -Krebs Cycle -Electron Transport Chain
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What are the three stages in cellular respiration?
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the sum of all the chemical reactions in your body
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metabolism
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the breaking down of glucose
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glycolysis
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in the cytoplasm
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Where does glycolysis take place?
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2 ATP
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How much ATP does glycolysis make?
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discovered by Hans Kreb in the 1930s
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Krebs Cycle
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in the mitochondria
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Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
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2 ATP
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How much ATP does the Krebs Cycle make?
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hydrogen ions are pumped across the plasma membrane using active transport
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What happens in the ETC?
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34 ATP
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How much ATP can the ETC make?
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38 ATP
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What is the net gain of ATP through cellular respiration?
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aerobic
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Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?
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lactic acid fermentaion
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In the absence of oxygen ________________ will occur instead of cellular respiration
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an organic molecule composed of only carbon and oxygen
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hydrocarbon
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fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms
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saturated fat
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fat with less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chains
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unsaturated fat
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lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings
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steroid
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water-fearing
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hydrophobic
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water-loving
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hydrophyllic
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requires oxygen
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aerobic
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doesn't require oxygen
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anaerobic
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approx. 4.6 billion years old
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How old is Earth?
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swirling mass of gas and dust
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Earth began as a ___________________________
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volcanic eruptions released lava which released gasses to form the early atmosphere
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What formed the early atmosphere?
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vapor
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Water existed on Earth only as __________
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condensed; rain
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As water rose it _____________ and fell as ________
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cooling of Earth's surface
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The ongoing process of rain led to the___________________
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700 million
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The formation of oceans happened ______________ years AFTER rain water cooled the Earth's surface
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3.9 billion
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Earth's oceans started forming __________________ years ago
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- formation of simple organic compounds (monomers) - formation of complex organic compounds (polymers) - concentration and enclosure of organic compounds (they form something that resembles a cell membrane) - the linking of chemical reactions involved in growth, metabolism and reproduction (creation of life)
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What are the 4 conditions for life to appear?
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Russian biochemist; developed the Primordial Soup Theory in *1924*; formed organic compounds at 212°F
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Alexander Oparin
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ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen (H₂), water vapor (H₂O), and methane (CH₄)
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What did Earth's early atmosphere contain?
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amino acids formed chains to become proteins
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What theory led to the formation of complex organic compound?
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when heated in the absence of oxygen
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When can complex organic compounds be formed?
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organic compounds that have irregular shapes/they all look different
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coacervates
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small circles (organic compounds)
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mircospheres
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no they resemble a cell because they have something similar to a cell membrane
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Are coacervates and microspheres living? What do they resemble?
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spontaneous generation; 3.5 billion years ago
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Somehow ________________ occurred in coacervates and microspheres about _______________ years ago
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French scientist; disproved the theory that flies came from meat in the *1600s*
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Francesco Redi
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Italian scientist; hypothesized that boiling soup would kill microorganisms in the *1700s*
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Lazzaro Spallanzani
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French scientist; disproved the theory of spontaneous generation; developed the theory of Biogenesis
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Louis Pasteur
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living things only come from living things
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Biogenesis
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prokaryotes anaerobic glycolosis by floating autotrophic prokaryotes
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What were most likely the first forms of organisms? Were they aerobic or anaerobic? How did they get their energy? How did they gather their food? What developed after them?
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most likely form prokaryotes; 2 prokaryotes living in symbiosis with one another
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How did eukaryotes form?
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the remains of a once living organism
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fossil
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using C₁₄ (carbon's isotope) to figure out how old a fossil is
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carbon dating
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layers of rocks that scientists use to to to see what kind of fossils are there
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geological strata
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French scientist; developed the theory of of inheritance of acquired characteristics in the *1800s* (this theory was wrong)
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck
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British biologist; worked on the HMS Beagle; wrote the Origin of Species
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Charles Darwin
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- descent with modification (offspring will look similar to parents but not exactly the same) - natural selection (survival of the fittest)
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What were Darwin's two main points in his book Origin of Species?
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approx. time of the origin of the Earth
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Precambrian Era
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analyze data
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What is usually the first step in the scientific process?
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the stage
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On what part of the microscope do you place the slide?
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diaphragm
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What controls the light on a compound microscope?
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wet mount slide
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What type of slide did you make using the letter "e" in the lab?
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mitochondria
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Which organelle has the ability to self replicate itself?
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reduction and equilateral
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What are the two parts of meiosis?
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interphase
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In what stage of mitosis do cells prepare to divide?
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S phase
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In what stage of mitosis do chromosomes replicate?
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cytokenesis
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In what stage of the cell cycle are daughter cells formed?
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alleles
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A trait is determined by two _____________
