Biology Lab 8: Photosynthesis

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in chloroplasts.
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Where does photosynthesis occur in eukaryotes?
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thylakoid membrane
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(light) energy capturing Note that most of the components of light capturing are in the ______.
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-photosystems -electron transport chains -enzymes (like ATP synthase)
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Name three components.
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-split -giving up electrons and forming molecular oxygen.
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Not that water in the thylakoid lumen is _____, ___________.
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ATP and NADPH
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After light capturing reaction, _____ and _____ are in the stroma and ready to be used as energy sou
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in the stroma
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Carbon Fixation: the Calvin Cycle Occurs where?
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ATP and NADPH
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Carbon Fixation: the Calvin Cycle uses what?
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Consumes CO2, reducing it to make carbohydrates
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Carbon Fixation: the Calvin Cycle consumes what and does what?
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are where the captured light energy is stored
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Carbon Fixation: the Calvin Cycle the carbohydrates (like glucose, C6H12O6) are where what takes place?
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how measuring O2 and CO2 relates to photosynthesis
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Procedure-02 and CO2 production during photosynthesis make sure you understand what?
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assemble everything, then let the system sit undisturbed for 5 minutes
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equilibriate means?
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what wavelength of light they do not absorb well and thus reflect.
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography pigments have color based on ______.
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separates molecules based on their different rates of movement through a substance due to their different chemical properties (here, movement through paper using petroleum ehter as a solvent)
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography Chromatography does what?
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Don't breathe in much of the petroleum ether!
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography Don't do what?
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ALONE
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography How are you to work?
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Expect to see four bands. note their relative speeds.
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography Expect to see what and note their what?
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different from lab manual.
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography Directions for preparing your sample (_______).
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-fold the paper -top half of your thumb
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography Direction #1 ___ the paper about the distance of the _______ from the bottom.
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-pipette to add 50 uL -Slowly
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography Direction #2 use the _________ of spinach extract at the fold (add it ____, back and forth across the fold)
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allow to dry
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography Direction #3 unfold and ______ (you can blow on it)
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-crease the paper lengthwise -stand up
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography Direction #4 __________ so that it can ____ reasonably well in the jar
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juice band near the bottom
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography Direction #5 put the paper in the petroleum ether jar, with the _______.
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Cap it quickly!
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography Direction #6 do not leave the jar open for long---_____!
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before the top band runs off
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Procedure A: Separation of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography Direction #7 remove the paper ________ (about 10-15 minutes after you started)
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absorption spectrum of chlorophyll.
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Procedure C-Analysis of Chlorophyll with a Spectroscope You are making a crude measurement of the ______.
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what color is not useful for photosynthesis because it is not absorbed well by chlorophyll or any accessory pigment.
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Procedure C-Analysis of Chlorophyll with a Spectroscope Be sure you are clear about __________.
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-fluorescence -perpendicular to the light source to see it well (tilting the tub can help, too).
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Procedure D: Excitement of Electrons in the Reaction Center The chlorophyll extract will give off light by ______- you need to look _________.
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see the color and understand why that is the color given off.
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Procedure D: Excitement of Electrons in the Reaction Center Be sure that you _______.
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Storage of Starch in Leaves
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What is the demo that will be observed in groups of 4 and explained by a TA?
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Role of CO2 in Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants
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What is the demo that you will observe alone or in pairs (same as last week)?
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plants perform aerobic respiration in the dark, and both aerobic respiration and photosynthesis in the light.
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Role of CO2 in Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants: Be sure to remember that _______.
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chroatography
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Note that a short video of the _______ is available on your lab Canvas.
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What is the general equation for photosynthesis?
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What is the general equation for photosynthesis?
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-oxidized -produced
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In other words, water is _____, and oxygen is _____.
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Hydrogen to the carbon atoms to make sugar.
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Carbon dioxide is reduced by adding _______ to make ____.
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-input of energy -endergonic
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Recall that reduction reactions require ________ because they are _____.
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ATP and NADPH -two forms of chemical energy that are useful to plants
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Light energy is the ultimate source of energy, and it is used to make _____ and ______, _______.
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oxidized
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Water is ______ during "light reactions.
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reactions that require sunlight.
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"light reactions" are?
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chlorophyll molecule
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Sunlight of a particular wavelength excites a _______.
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paper chromatography
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Today you will look at pigments after you separate them with ______.
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1. "chlorophyll a" molecules are energized by sunlight (i.e., an electron is absorbed to a higher energy level 2. Some of this energy is used to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP (chemical energy) 3. Some of the energy is used to help reduce NADP to NADPH (chemical energy) 4. Water is split to form oxygen
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So, during light reactions what four IMPORTANT events occur?
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-ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to make carbohydrate- recall that "reduction reactions require an input of energy
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Another set of reactions, the Calvin Cycle, will use what to do what?
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dark reactions -but they can occur in the light also if chemical energy is available.
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The reactions of the Calvin Cycle are often called the _________, but _____.
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then the Calvin Cycle must stop.
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If all the ATP and NADPH molecules made during the light reactions are used up, ______.
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-water and CO2 -O2 and carbohydrate (=G3P=glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate=PGAL=3-phosphoglyceraldehyde). -carbohydrate -molecules (e.g., cellulose, sucrose, glucose, maltose, starch)
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So, with respect to photosynthesis, a plant consumes ________; a plant produces________. This _____ can be used to make many types of ______.
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-certain wavelengths of light. -crucial to the light reactions.
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We know that special molecules of "chlorophyll a" (called the reaction centers) are excited by _______, and are therefore ________.
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"Accessory pigments."
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However, plants have other pigments that act as _______.
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These pigments gather energy from sunlight and pass that energy to the reaction centers.
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Accessory pigments do what?
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Separate these pigments from spinach leaves by using chromatography.
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What will we do with these pigments in lab today?
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Chromatography paper has fibers of a certain size. Molecules, such as pigments, are able to migrate along the paper if they are soluble in an appropriate solvent.
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How does chromatography work?
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water.
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Many photosynthetic pigments are "lipid soluble", therefore _____ would not be an appropriate solvent.
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petroleum ether
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We will use _____ as our solvent.
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(1) their solubility in the solvent (2) how much a particular pigment tends to adsorb to the paper. Molecules that are very soluble will migrate farther because they spend more time moving with the solvent instead of adsorbed to the paper.
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Each pigment has a certain solubility in pet ether, and pigments will migrate at different distances up the chromatography paper based on:
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You will analyze O2 production by (1) leaves in darkness and (2) leaves exposed to two different intensities of light.
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Procedure B: O2 Production During Photosynthesis What are we analyzing?
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plants can split water and produce O2 (=photolysis)
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By now you know that photosynthetic organisms perform a reaction that no other organism can perform:
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H20 ----> 1/2O2 + 2H +2e
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Photolysis equation
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1. O2 is produced from water 2. The hydrogen atoms from water donate electrons to cholorphyll a to replace the electrons that were lost when light excited them.
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Photolysis is important in two ways:
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