BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW – Flashcards

observe, hypothesize, experiment, gather data, analyze results, present findings, repeat

the system always used in science the United States is the only country that doesn't use it (:

an experiment in which only one variable is altered

the variable that you have control over ("I" control the "I"ndependent variable)

the variable that you measure

a well-tested explanation that has never been proven incorrect

made of cells, reproducing, DNA, growing and developing, response to environment, maintain homeostasis, obtain materials and use energy, and change over time

basic unit of matter

one of the three things that make up atoms (positive charge) found in the nucleus

one of the three things that make up atoms (no charge) found in the nucleus

one of the three things that make up atoms (negative charge) found orbiting the nucleus

comprised of only one type of atom

comprised of two or more elements that are chemically combined

occurs when atoms equally share electrons

occurs when one atom steals electrons from another can be positively or negatively charged

polar covalent molecule, universal solvent, has a specific heat (that allows it to act as an insulator), when water freezes it expands (allowing ice to be less dense than water)

occurs when molecules of the same substance are attracted

occurs when molecules made of different substances are attracted

ranges from 1-14 to measure how acidic or basic a substance is (with 7 being neutral)

weak acids or bases that neutralize stomach acid to maintain a comfortable environment for an organism

element found in all living things due to its 4 valence electrons

subunits forming polymers

(AKA macromolecule) formed with monomers

occurs a polymer and releases water

occurs when water is used to break apart a polymer into its original monomers

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

sugars made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio monomer: glucose (monosaccharide)

energy molecules in oils, fats, and waxes also part of the cell membrane (phosphoLIPID bilayer) monomer: fatty acids

used in DNA and RNA monomer: nucleotides

used for building and catalysts monomer: amino acids

act as biological catalysts reaction rates are impacted by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration

occurs when the temperature and pH of a protein is impacted enough to change the shape of said protein

the amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to begin

in order to maintain this, all reactions in an organism are necessary

the basic unit of life

word to describe how cells are specialized in how they look based on their function (nerve cells, etc)

tool used in science that was the key in discovering the cell in the first place

1. all living things are made of cells 2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function 3. cells come from other cells

lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, have cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall, DNA, and ribosomes examples include bacteria

has nucleus and membrane bound organelles, a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, nucleolus within the nucleus, vacuoles, a cell wall (in some) examples include animals, plants, fungus, protists

organelle that contains genetic information

organelle that contains ribosomes to make proteins

organelle that makes lipids and is involved in detoxification

organelle that adds finishing touches to proteins

organelle that makes proteins

organelle that contains enzymes to break down polymers

organelle that contains enzymes involved in chemical reactions

organelle that stores water, enzymes, etc

organelle that makes ribosomes

organelle that is the powerhouse of the cell and makes ATP

organelle that makes food for plants

organelle that is the skeleton- made of protein fibers of microfilaments (thin) and microtubules (thick)

organelle that provides protection and a pathway for materials to travel in and out of the cell goes by many names: fluid mosaic model, plasma membrane, phospholipid bilayer

contains two regions: hydrophilic - the head hydrophobic - the tail (scared of water)

organelle that is a sugar/protein boundary layer in plant cells

the movement of molecules from high to low concentration no energy required

diffusion of water across a membrane no energy required

diffusion with the help of proteins no energy required

movement of molecules from a low to high concentration requires energy

movement of a large substance into a cell example of active transport

movement of a large material out of a cell example of active transport

one of the most important carrier proteins in animal cells used to generate gradients of sodium and potassium ions in nerve cells

the chemical process in which plants make their own food powered by energy from the sun creates the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) equation: 6CO2, 6H2O, + Light ->(yields) C6H12O2, + 6O2

producers, can make their own food

consumers that rely on other living things for food

in this process, pigments such as chlorophyll absorb sunlight to provide enough energy to excite electrons one of the two main processes of photosynthesis releases oxygen as a byproduct and introduces ATP and NADPH

light is no longer directly required occurs in the stroma glucose is formed NAPDH converted into NADP+ and ATP into ADP + P

how living things obtain ATP energy from glucose

occurs in the cytoplasm the splitting of glucose one of the 3 processes in cellular respiration

occurs in the mitochondria matrix produces carbon dioxide and the energy carriers NADH, ATP, and FADH2 one of the 3 processes in cellular repiration

occurs in the membrane of the mitochondria produces the most ATP molecules in the process (36 in the whole process) one of the 3 processes in cellular respiration

organism that doesn't need oxygen

occurs when oxygen isn't required for cellular respiration typically only produces 2 ATP molecules

alcohol is produced occurs in rising of bread

lactic acid is produced occurs when muscles cramp up in humans (as an example)

involves all aspects related to cell growth including interphase and mitosis

growth phase for cells in which the cell prepares to divide by making more cytoplasm, organelles, and proteins has three phases: G1, S, and G2 phases allow for check points if problem is found at check point, cell enters G0 phase and gets recycled

occurs when a cell divides uncontrollably

cell division with the goal of making two identical cells (including an equal number of organelles, chromosomes, and cytoplasm) starts with 92 chromosomes and each cell ends with 46 chromosomes

longest phase of mitosis where chromosomes are visible, centrioles separate, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers form

phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and their centromeres are connected to the spindle fibers

phase of mitosis where centrioles pull the spindle fibers to seperate the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell

phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane reforms, spindle fibers disappear, and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division) occurs

forms at the end of telophase to divide the cells in animals

forms at the end of telophase to divide the cells in plants

process of cell division that bacteria undergo DNA strand replicates and the cell divides in half

cell division that creates gametes (sex cells) cell starts with 92 chromosomes and ends with 4 gametes that contain 23 chromosomes each divided between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

crossing over occurs in which homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA (prophase 1)

cell does not undergo chromosome replication in anaphase 2, chromatids seperate

Father of Genetics

study of heredity

specific characteristics

DNA that codes of a trait

alternate versions of a trait found on a gene

always expressed when present

only expressed if an organism that two copies of the recessive allele

the likelihood of a specific event occuring

tool used to predict the probability of offspring having inherited genotypes

both alleles are dominant or both alleles are recessive

an organism has two different alleles

refers to the genetic make-up of an organism when describing its alleles (AA, Aa, aa)

refers to the physical appearance of an organism after referring to its alleles (Brown hair, black hair, blonde hair)

cross with a Punnett square that only compares one trait 4 boxes

cross with a Punnett square that compares two traits 16 boxes

the genotypes are blended together to be shown in the phenotype (red and white rose make pink)

the phenotype shows both alleles equally (black and white spotted cat)

traits that are controlled by many genes such as eye color or height

allows animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation

make changes in the DNA code of living organisms

restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specific sequence gets "pasted" to another organism's DNA

member of a population or genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

the process of attempting to cure genetic disorders by placing copies of healthy genes into cells that lack them

the process of turning DNA into proteins (DNA - RNA - Proteins)

never leaves the nucleus and carries an organism's genetic code deoxyribonucleic acid

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine (A-T, G-C)

the enzyme that adds new bases to each exposed strand of DNA to create identical DNA molecules

ribonucleic acid has three types of it

the messenger RNA carries DNA from nucleus to ribosome

brings the amino acid to the ribosome after reading mRNA

makes up the ribosome

the enzyme that makes mRNA

a change or error in DNA sequence

AKA protein synthesis RNA - Protein creates codons (3 nitrogen bases)

the process of turning DNA into RNA occurs in the nucleus for eukaryotes

the part of DNA that does not code for DNA

the part of DNA that does code for proteins

includes things such as hybrids, artificial selection, cloning, genetic engineering, gene therapy, gel electrophoresis, etc

carried on regular chromosomes

carried on the X-chromosome

3 copies of chromosome 21 due to nondisjunction (failure to separate during meiosis)

condition in which cells are misshapen and cannot carry enough oxygen

condition in which blood is unable to clot

pictures of chromosomes from tallest to shortest and arranged in homologous pairs can show chromosome abnormalities

contains extra sets of chromosomes fatal in animal cells, positive in plant cells

a "glorified family tree" that has special symbols and shows how one trait is passed through a family

credited with revealing evolution

responds to Darwin's theory of natural selection which states that the strongest and most fit organisms survive

book that Darwin wrote to explain how organisms adapt to their environment and ultimately evolve

organisms that Darwin studied at the Galapagos islands that proved his theories on adaptation and evolution

relates to taxonomy (the branch of science in which organisms are named and put into a group based on similar characteristics)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

animal, plant, fungi, protists, bacteria

tool used to identify different organisms through yes/no questions

the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment looks at how energy travels through an ecosystem

biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, organism

factors that are living within an ecosystem

factors that are nonliving within an ecosystem

cycle of water moving from Earth to the atmosphere

cycle of Carbon moving from Earth to the atmosphere

cycle of Nitrogen being used on Earth and recycled back into the atmosphere

refers to how gases are trapped in the atmosphere due to human overuse and eventually raises the temperature of the planet

variety of ways in which organisms react with each other