Biology God’s Living Creation Chapters 1-7

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th process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities
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taxonomy
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a Swedish naturalist who devised a simple, practical method of classification
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Carolus Linnaeus
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an English clergyman who devoted much of his time to natural studies and became very well known for his work with plants
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John Ray
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In the system, all living things are grouped into main divisions called ________
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Kingdoms
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List the seven classifications used to further divide each kingdom into a few main groups
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Name the two languages that Linnaeus used for the binomial system of nomenclature
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Latin and Latinized Greek
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Linnaeus' system for assigning a scientific name
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binomial system of nomenclature
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What are the two kingdoms that have been traditionally recognized since Linnaeus's time?
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genus and species
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Eager to apply Darwin's evolutionary ideas, scientists began to devise a host of _______ evolutionary relationships
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hypothetical
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all organisms are placed into one of three large _____
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domains
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phylum that is made up of angiosperms
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anthophyta
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Tracheophytes
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vascular plants
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Two groups of vascular plants
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seed and nonseed plants
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plants that don't have any vascular tissue-xylem and phloem
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nonvascular plants
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plants that do not produce flowers, but do produce seeds
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gymosperms
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cone-bearing gymnosperms
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conifers
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process in which involves both asexual and sexual stages
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alternation of generations
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pollen-producing cones
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staminate cones
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seed-producing cones
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ovulate cones
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tiny, one-celled reproductive structures
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Spores
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brownish dots that grow on ferns
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sori
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large leaves that grow upward by unrolling from "fiddleheads"
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fronds
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underground stems
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rhizomes
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creeping vascular plants with erect stems that bear sportes in club-shaped, conlie structures
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club mosses
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a typical club moss with horizontal stems which trail along the ground or grow just below the surface
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Lycopodium
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vascular plants with unique low jointed stems and very small leaves present only at the joints
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horsetails
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nonvascuclar plants that lack xylem and phloem
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mosses
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literally means "mosslike plants"
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bryophytes
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hairlike threads on moss which grow into the soil to absorb water and minerals
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rhizoids
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a large, branching type of swamp-dwelling moss
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peat moss
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a compressed accumulation of various partially decayed plant materials that collect in swamps and marshes
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peat
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nonvascular plants, that lack true leaves, roots, and stems and grow along the surface of the soil, attached by rhizoids
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liverworts
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the smallest of the green, chlorophyll-containing organisms
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algae
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the major producers of ood in aquatic environments
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algae
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microorganisms that float near the surface of the water and provide food for larger organisms
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plankton
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single-celled algae clump together in differently sized and shaped groups called _______
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colonies
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hairlike structures that join cells forming a long chain
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filaments
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whiplike structures that allow locomotion
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flagella
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eyespot
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stigma
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unicellular green alga; one of the most important green algaebecause it has been widely used in the study of photosynthesis
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chlorella
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large group of freshwater green algae
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desmids
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unicellular algae which live in colonies of hundreds or thousands of individual cells
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volvox
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a special type of anchoring cell which attaches filaments to rocks
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holdfast
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cells of filamentous algae that contain one or more ribbonlike chloroplasts arranged in a spiral
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spirogyra
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the most numerous and most interesting of yellow algae
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diatoms
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hard substance in sand and glass
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silica
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two equal halves that make up the cell wall
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valves
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layers of the shells of diatoms accumulate and become pack together to form layers called ________ _______
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diatomaceous earth
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large saltwater algae
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seaweeds
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the largest of the brown algae
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kelps
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a gummy substance derived from kelp, it can hold several different liquids together in an emulsion
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algin
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a type of brown algae, that attach to rocks along the seashore by means of holdfasts
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rockweeds
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east of Florida is a large mass of floating _______. (of the genus Sargassum) (which give the sargasso sea in the Atlantic Ocean its name)
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gulfweeds
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commonly known as irish moss, a gelatinous substance used in many food products
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Carrageenan
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the gelling agent which laboratories use as a culture medium for growing bacteria
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agar
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species of red algae that are edible
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dulse
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Japanese name for edible algae
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nori
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blue-green algae are referred to as this because of their bluish appearance
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cyanobacteria
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a genus of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria whose cells look like tiny beads or barrels
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anabaena
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microscopic, one-celled aquatic organisms found in both fresh water and salt water
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dinoflagellates
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occurs when a dinoflagellate "blooms," or gows so rapidly that the water is tinged with a pinkish color.
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"red tide"
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nonvascular plants without chlorophyll that are dependent upon other organisms for food
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fungi
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term that refers to organisms that manufacture their own food
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autotrophs
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term that refers to organisms that must obtain their food from sources outside themselves
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heterotrophs
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term that means organisms obtain their nutrition from dead organisms
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saprophytes
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the body of fungus
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hyphae
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the main body of the fungus
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mycelium
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scientists which study fungi
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mycologists
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microscopic club-shaped structures
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basidia
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spore-forming structure
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fruiting body
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the fruiting body contains many of these that radiate from the stalk like spokes on a wheel
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gills
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often found growing on trees or rotting logs
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bracket (or shelf)
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parasitic club fungi
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rusts
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an organism that lives on or in another living organism and derives its nutrition from that organism
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parasite
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term which means that they must have two hosts in order to complete their life cycle
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alternate parasites
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rust that feeds on wheat and the barberry bush
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wheat rust
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produce masses of black spores on their hosts
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smuts
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often attack the tassels and ears of corn plants, where large, shiny blisters are then formed
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corn smuts
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fungi with saclike spore-producing structures
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sac fungi
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a well-known sac fungus, a small, colorless, single celled organism which feeds on foods containing sugar
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yeasts
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grow on wet clothes and shower stalls
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mildews
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jellylike organisms often seen on the bark of fallen trees
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slime mold
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cyanobacterium colony that lives together in a close relationship that combines the two organisms into a single unit called __________
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lichen
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cavity which contains the brain
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cranial cavity
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cavity which holds the spinal cord
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spinal cavity
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cavity which holds the heart, lungs, esphagus, windpipe, thymus gland, and aorta
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thoracic cavity
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cavity which contains the liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, kidney, urinary bladder, small intestine, large intestine, and the reproductive organs
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abdominal cavity
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all the soft, internal organs within the toratic and abdominal cavaties, are called ______ _____
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visceral organs
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a group of structures which function together as a unit
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system
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tube that includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and rectum
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alimentary canal
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chemical "messengers"
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hormones
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glands by which hormones are secreted
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endocrine glands
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muscular organ in the mother's abdomen, where the child takes place
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uterus
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a group of similar cells which work together to accomplish the task of an organ
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tissue
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fluid surrounding and between tissues
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interstitial fluid
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the material surrounding cells
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matrix
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organs serving no useful purpose today
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vestigal organ
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the forty-week period of development before birth
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gestation
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membrane the child is protected by during gestation
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amniotic sac
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sac of blood vessels in the mother's womb
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placenta
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three vessels which attaches the placenta to the developing child
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umbilical cord
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the killing of unborn babies
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abortion
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list the eleven body systems
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Circulatory, Immune, Respiratory, Digestive, Excretory, Nervous, Endocrine, Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Reproductive
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four basic types of tissue
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epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
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four types of membranes
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Serous, Mucous, Cutaneous, Synovial
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