Biology Genetics Unit Study Guide – Flashcards
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What happens during mitsosis?
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division of the cells nucleus and its contents resulting in 2 identical diploid cells.
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interphase
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cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
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cyclins
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groups of proteins rapidly made and destroyed in a certain stage of a cell cycle
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cancer
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any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
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As a cell increases in size what increases fastest
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volume
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Prophase
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first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible
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metaphase
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line up in middle and connect to spindle fibers
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anaphase
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chromosomes and centromeres split
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telophase
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last phase of mitosis, chromosome are in two new cells and nuclear membranes start to reform
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spindle fibers
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help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of micrtubules
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If a parent cell has 46 chromosomes how many does the daughter cells have
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46
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what happens to growth rate in cells when they touch other cells
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slow then stop
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hybrid
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heterozygous
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genes
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sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
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how are traits inherited
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organisms inherit two copies of each gene one from mom one from dad
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homologous chromosomes
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Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content one from mom one from dad
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homozygous and heterozygous
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same alleles and different alleles
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when does an organism show a recessive trait
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when it is homozygous
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when are chromosome visible during the cell cycle
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mitosis
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how can probability be applied to genetics
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predict the genotype of offspring
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what is true breeding
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homozygous and produces identical offspring
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self pollination
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a plant pollinates by itself
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punnett square
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a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross.
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law of segregation
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organisms inherit 2 copies of each gene, the genes seperate so that they only donate one copy
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law of independent assortment
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each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other during meiosis
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2n
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symbol that represents the number of chromosomes in a gamete
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meiosis
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divides a diploid cell into haploid cells
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why does a gamete have half the number of a normal body cell
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because a body cell gives half to the offspring
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if an organisms diploid number is 28, then what is haploid?
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14
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tetrad? when do they form?
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structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis. prophase 1
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what is crossing over when does it occur
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exchanging of segments with a chromosome and its homologous pair. prophase 1
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what doesnt happen between meiosis 1 and 2
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DNA is not copied
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what are the differences between meiosis and mitosis
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mitosis creates identical daughter cells. meiosis creates four genetically different haploid cells. meiosis is the creation of gametes
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result of meiosis?
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4 haploid cells with a combination of chromosomes from both mom and dad
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incomplete dominance? example?
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a heterozygous phenotype that is blended. red flower + white flower= pink flower
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codominance? example?
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both alleles are expressed seperately and completely. red flower + white flower= red and white spectacles
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what does it mean if a gene is controlled by multiple alleles? example?
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gene that is controlled by 2+ alleles, blood type
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polygenic? example?
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trait is controlled by 3+ alleles. hair color, skin color, eye color
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karyotype
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picture of all chromosomes in a cell
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how many chromosomes does a normal human body cell have?
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46
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what is the probability of male child, female child?
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50% 50%
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sex chromosomes for male; female?
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XY, XX
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what sex chromosome does a egg cell give, sperm cell?
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X, Y
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what percentage of sperm cells give a X
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50%
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why is colorblindness more common in males?
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the males dont have another X to cover up the recessive trait
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base pairing?
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Thymine with adenine and cytosine with guanine
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DNA located in prokaryotes?eukaryotes?
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cytoplasm, nucleus
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result of DNA replication
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new DNA strand
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what would a DNA strand of ATGGCTGA be complimentary with?
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TACCGACT
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sugar in DNA, sugar in RNA?
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deoxyribose, ribose
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what is the result of transcription?
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new RNA strand
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compare and contrast DNA and RNA
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different sugars, uracil/thymine
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1 codon = 1 amino acid
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yup
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codon
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three consecutive nucleotides
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anticodon
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complimentary to the codon
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which types of rna are involved in protein synthesis?
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all: mrna, rrna, and trna
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what happens during translation?
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process that converts an mrna message into a polypeptide
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mRNA
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an intermediate message that is translated into a protein
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rRNA
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forms part of ribosomes
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tRNA
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brings amino acids from cytoplasm to a ribosome to help a protein
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The instructions that genes carry are for assembling
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proteins
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Point mutations
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substitution of a nucleotide
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Frameshift mutation
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insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in a codon
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What is a silent mutation?
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a mutation that does not effect the protein
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Mutations in what kind of cells can be passed on to offspring?
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GERM CELLS
