Biology FINAL EXAM PRACTICE – Flashcards
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COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
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used with the low power objective
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CONDENSER
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controls the amount of light
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FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
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used with the high power objective
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FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
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used with the high power objective
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OCULAR LENS
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eyepiece
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TUBE
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holds the nosepiece
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mass
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amount of matter in an object
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volume
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amount of space an object takes up
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water displacement
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used to measure the volume of an irregular object
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length
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distance traveled by light
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meniscus
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curve used to measure volume
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interphase
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normal cell activity
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cell cycle
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regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division
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cytokinesis
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cytoplasmic division
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haploid
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having one chromosome from every pair
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diploid
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two homologous pairs of chromosomes
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electron
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negatively charged
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element
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made up of atoms
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neutron
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neutral charge
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nucleus
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the center of the atom
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proton
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positively charged
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genetics
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study of biological inheritance patterns
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gene
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a piece of DNA that directs a cell
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allele
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alternate form of a gene
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locus
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a specific position on a pair of chromosomes
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genome
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an organisms genetic material
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true breeding
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two alleles that are at the same location
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cross breeding
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two alleles that are at different locations
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heterozygous
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cross plants with opposing characteristics
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homozygous
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cross plants with same characteristics
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recessive allele
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only expressed when both genes are present
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fermentation
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a type of anaerobic respiration
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alcoholic fermentation
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produces alcohol
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aerobic
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uses oxygen to produce lots of energy
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anaerobic
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no oxygen required resulting in little energy produced
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Lactic Acid fermentation
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breakdown of food without oxygen
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DNA
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Double stranded helix that contains the genetic code
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RNA
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Ribose nucleic acid
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Mitosis
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Somatic cell division
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Meiosis
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Division of gametes
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Telomere
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repeating nucleotide at the ends of DNA
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Sex-linked traits
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genes on sex-chromosomes
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autosomal gene
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traits found on chromosomes 1-22 (i.e. hair texture)
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male
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XY
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female
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XX
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probability
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The likelihood that something will happen
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Golgi apparatus
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processes, packages, and delivers proteins
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lysosomes
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filled with enzymes
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mitochondria
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converts chemical energy into usable cell energy
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ribosomes
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site of protein synthesis
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vesicles
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for transport
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compound
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combination of different elements
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covalent bonding
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sharing electrons
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ionic bonding
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losing or gaining electrons
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atom
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basic unit of matter
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solution
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formed when one substance dissolves in another
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control group
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conditions remain the same
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dependent variable
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variable that depends on the independent variable
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experimental group
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group exposed to the experimental variable
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hypothesis
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prediction
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independent variable
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experimenter manipulates this variable
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centromere
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the point of attachment for spindle fibers
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chromatin
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present during interphase
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histone
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protein that organized chromosomes around which DNA wraps
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chromatid
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one of the replicated chromosomes
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chromosome
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what genetic material that condenses into
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biosphere
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everywhere life exists
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biodiversity
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variety of life
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species
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one particular type of living thing
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organism
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an individual living thing
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system
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organized group of interacting parts
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codominant alleles
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Beta fish color is an example
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epistatic gene
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interferes with other genes
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incomplete dominance
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eye color is an example
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polygenic traits
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blood type is an example
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pedigree
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used for tracing genes in a family
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homeostasis
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set point
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negative feedback
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maintenace of constant internal conditions
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biotechnology
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use and application of living things and biological processes
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exothermic reaction
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absorb more energy than they release
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endothermic reaction
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release more energy than they absorb
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crossing over
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occurs when homologous chromosomes line up in pairs
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tetrad
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exchange of genetic material
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synapsis
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formed when homologous chromosomes pair up
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cell plate
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eventually becomes the cell wall when plant cells matures
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equatorial plane
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imaginary line in the middle of the spindle
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nuclear envelope
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protects the genetic material
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nuclear pores
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allow ribosomes to exit
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nucleolus
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site of ribosome synthesis
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flagella
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beat in a wave like motion
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cilia
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beat in a whip like motion
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eukaryotic cell
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bacteria
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prokaryotic cell
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animal cell
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chromatin
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genetic material
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centrioles
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assist with cell division
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phospholipid bilayer
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outermost boundary of the cell
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cytology
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study of cells
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central vacuole
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membrane sac that contains water
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chlorophyll
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provides the pigment of a plant
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chloroplast
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provides energy for a plant cell
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cell wall
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gives plant cell support and protection
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When using the low power objective, use the _______ adjustment knob.
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Coarse
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The source of all energy that living things need
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SUNLIGHT
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Two new daughter cells are haploid and not genetically identical
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Telophase ; Cytokinesis I
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Daughter cells are not genetically identical to mother cell
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Meiosis
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Four new daughter cells are haploid and not genetically identical
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Metaphase II
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Without this process we would ultimately have no food to eat or oxygen to breathe
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Photosynthesis
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Which food product is not made by fermentation?
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ice cream
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Carefully read most instructions before beginning lab activity. True or False
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False
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Always put one hand on the ______ and one hand on the ____ when carrying the microscope.
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Arm, base
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What happens to a catalyst during a chemical reaction?
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it combines with the product
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Eating or drinking is permitted in lab when no chemicals are being used. True or False
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False
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Each group of cells performs only a few processes
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Division of labor
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Has ribosomes attached
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Rough ER
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A hypertonic solution would cause this to occur in an animal cell a. shrinking b. swelling c. no change would occur d. none
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NO CHANGE WOULD OCCUR
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What is true about sex-linked traits?
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they are more common in males
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How are incomplete dominance and codominance similar?
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neither allele is complexly dominant or recessive
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What term describes the interference of gene expression by another gene?
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epistasis
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The outermost boundary of the cell a. cell nucleus b. cytoplasm c. cell membrane d. none of the above
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NONE OF THE ABOVE
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Diffusion of water molecules
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Facilitated diffusion
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Why is Earths biodiversity greatest near the equator?
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more species can live in warm climates than in cold climates
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things? a. the ability to reproduce b. a body made of cells c. the ability to use energy from sunlight d. the ability to respond to the environment
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The ability to use energy from sunlight
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Which of the following is NOT a biological system? a. molecules that make up a muscle b. mouth, stomach, and small and large intestines that digest food c. 2 cells in the body that function independently d. single-celled organisms that libe in a puddle.
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2 cells in the body that function independently
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Daughter cells are genetically identical to mother cell
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Mitosis
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Allows particles that are too large to enter the cell with added force.
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Receptor mediated Endocytosis
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What provides the channel for molecules to pass through during facilitated diffusion?
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Proteins
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Only found in animal cells
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Ribosomes
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Nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles separate and spindle forms
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Prophase
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This type of division occurs in oogenesis
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symmetrical
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Why are there so many phenotypes in polygenic inheritance?
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many genes for the same trait interact to produce one trait
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Environment does not play a role in which genes are expressed. True or False
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FALSE
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Which is Mendels law of segregation?
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Allele pairs separate independently during meiosis
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Bacteria cultures would most likely be grown in these.
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Petri dishes
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While working in the laboratory lab coats and goggles must be worn and hair must be tied back. True or False
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TRUE
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What can you say about two genes that are linked during crossing over?
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they will be inherited independently
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Chromosomes, not genes, assort independently during meiosis. True or False
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FALSE
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Why are sex-linked genes expressed differently in different cells of a female?
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one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated in females
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How is an ionic bond formed between two atoms?
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an electrical force forms between oppositely charged ions
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A nerve cell will be the same shape and perform the same function as a muscle cell True or False
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FALSE
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What term describes a substance that is made when two or more different atoms bond together?
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Covalent substance
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Autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce glucose.
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cellular respiration
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Reaction of photosynthesis that uses light and water to produce oxygen in the chlorophyll
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glycolysis
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Not a factor that affects the rate of photosynthesis. a. heat b. light c. water d. all of the above affect the rate of photosynthesis
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a. heat b. light c. water d. all of the above affect the rate of photosynthesis
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What is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons?
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an ion
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Organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy storing carbon based molecules
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chemosynthesis
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cell process where chromosome number is halved
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Meiosis
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Two parts of the chloroplasts that photosynthesis takes place in
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Grana and cytoplasm
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When using a microscope always bring the object into focus using the _____ power objective.
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LOW
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Used for measuring mass
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triple beam balance
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Achieved by an organism, not done to an organism
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growth
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Some examples are hair and nails
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organic dead
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Which is an example of homeostasis
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a snakes blood is the same temperature in hot weather and in cold weather
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Which term describes an organism that contains genes from more than one species?
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transgenic
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What is the pH of a neutral solution?
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7
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How do endothermic and exothermic reactions differ?
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exothermic reactions release more energy than they absorb
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The characteristic of the cell membrane that controls what enters and exits the cell
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selectively permeable
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Energy is released by the breaking of phosphate bonds in ATP. True or False
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True
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Contains all the genetic material in the cell a. cell nucleus b. cytoplasm c. cell membrane d. none of the above
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none
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Which of the following is a characteristic of passive transport?
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requires energy
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Where most cell activities occur.
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cytoplasm
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The difference in concentration
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osmotic pressure
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Which of the following is found in plant cells?
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central vacuole
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First person to use the word cell
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Robert Hooke
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of active transport? a. moves from high to low b. does not achieve equilibrium c. requires energy d. none of the above
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NONE
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A hypotonic solution would cause this to occur in an animal cell.
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shrinking
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Identified the cell nucleus
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Robert Brown
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This organelle produces vesicles
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endoplasmic reticulum
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Two heterozygous dominant parents can have a homozygous recessive offspring. True or False
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TRUE
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Transports very specific molecules
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receptor mediated endocytosis
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Cells come from preexisting cells
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Ruldof Virchow
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A positive ionic bond has more
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Protons
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The _______ is the basic unit of life
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Cell
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A cross conducted between 2 pea plants that are homozygous recessive for a particular trait. What percentage of offspring from the cross would you expect to express the recessive phenotype?
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100%
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Which of the following statements is true regarding codominance?
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Both alleles rae expressed completely and separately
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The human chromosome number
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46
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An enzyme is a catalyst in a living thing. What function do enzymes carry out?
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increase the activation energy needed to start a reation
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Reaction of photosynthesis that uses carbon dioxide to produce high-energy sugar in the chlorophyll
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Glycolysis
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How are cellular respiration and glycolysis related?
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Glycolysis breaks down glucose to form the reactants of cellular respiration
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This process occurs in yeast and other microorganisms. a. Lactic acid fermentation b. Alcoholic fermentation C. Photosynthesis D. none of the above
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NONE
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The gas produced in cellular respiration
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Carbon dioxide
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Cell plate forms in plant cell
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Metaphase
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The location of cellular respiration a. Mitochondria b. Cytoplasm c. Chlorophyll d. A and B
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a. Mitochondria b. Cytoplasm
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The common first step to anaerobic and aerobic respiration
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Krebs cycle
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This process causes the burning sensation in muscle cells when performing strenuous physical activity
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Lactic acid fermentation
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The last step in aerobic respiration
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e-transport chain
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What can you say about two genes that are linked during crossing over?
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they are at opposite ends of the same chromosome
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Chromosomes, not genes, assort independently during meiosis? True or False
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FALSE
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Why are sex-linked genes expressed differently in different cells of a female?
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males have no functioning X chromosome after it is inactivated
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This process occurs in yeast and other microorganisms a. Lactic acid fermentation b. Alcoholic fermentation c. Photosynthesis d. NONE
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NONE
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Energy is released by the breaking of phosphate bonds in ATP true or false
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TRUE
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Breakdown of food into usable cell energy.
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Cellular respiration
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Geneticists use karyotypes to determine possible genetic abnormalities in humans True or False
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TRUE
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Cytokinesis begins
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Telophase
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The number of functional sperm cells produced in spermatogenesis.
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ONE
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The type of division occurs in spermatogenesis
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symmetrical
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A pair of genes with specific positions on the chromosome
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Locus
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Any cell or organism that has two or more traits a. epistatic b. polygenic c. codominant d. none of the above
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a. epistatic b. polygenic c. codominant d. none of the above
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What term describes the amount of energy that must be absorbed before a chemical reaction can start?
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activation energy
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Transports liquid into the cell
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cytolysis
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A cross that deals with only one specific trait.
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monohybrid
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Crossing a homozygous recessive organism with a homozygous dominant organism.
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100% heterozygous dominant.
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Crossing a homozygous recessive organism with a homozygous dominant organism.
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100% heterozygous dominant.
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Crossing a homozygous recessive organism with a homozygous dominant organism.
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100% heterozygous dominant.
