Biology Final - Flashcards

Q: Put the following terms in the correct order from start to finish.

chromosome â gene â primary transcript â messenger RNA â polypeptide â protein

question

Humans who have lost one copy of a chromosome are called ____________ and generally do not survive development.

answer

monosomics

question

Mendel tested for heterozygotes by using:

answer

testcross

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There are 3 alleles that lead to the ABO blood types. How many alleles does an individual inherit from their parents?

answer

2

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Which of the following crosses represents a dihybrid cross?

answer

RrDd x RrDd

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Which procedure is the least-invasive method of assessing fetal health while development is still occurring?

answer

Ultrasound

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Which of the following is a sex-linked disorder?

answer

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

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What is the probability of getting a pea plant with recessive green seed color when two heterozygous pea plants, both having the dominant yellow-seeded phenotype, are crossed with each other?

answer

1 in 4

question

Human height shows a continuous variation from the very short to the very tall. Height is most likely controlled by:

answer

multiple genes

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The gene for ABO blood type encodes an enzyme that adds sugar molecules to lipids on the surface of red blood cells.

answer

TRUE

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Whose work with fruit flies presented the first clear evidence that the genes determining Mendelian traits reside on chromosomes?

answer

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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Which of the following represents a test cross?

answer

Tt x tt

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In snapdragons, pink-flowered plants are produced when red-flowered plants are crossed with white-flowered plants. This type of inheritance can best be described as:

answer

incomplete dominance

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Put the following terms in the correct order from start to finish.

answer

chromosome → gene → primary transcript → messenger RNA → polypeptide → protein

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Genes for sex-linked traits tend to be carried on what chromosomes?

answer

X chromosomes

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Red-green colorblindness is a sex-linked trait. A woman with normal color vision, whose father was colorblind, mates with a colorblind man. What chance do each of their sons have of being colorblind?

answer

50% chance

question

Foxes, cats, and rabbits have enzymes that are heat-sensitive, causing a seasonal variation in coat color due to:

answer

an environmental effect

question

Two true-breeding pea plants are crossed, one with purple flowers and the other with white. Their offspring are:

answer

heterozygous with the dominant phenotype

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The ability to taste PTC is a dominant trait. If a heterozygote woman has a child with a man who is not a taster, what is the chance their child will be a taster?

answer

50%

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Down syndrome in humans is due to:

answer

trisomy (three copies of chromosome #21)

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Hemophilia is a group of different inherited blood-clotting disorders. Which is true about hemophilia?

answer

It is more common in males than in females.

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The diploid number of chromosomes in pea plants is 14. What is the haploid chromosome number?

answer

7

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Tall is dominant to dwarf in pea plants. If two dwarf pea plants were crossed, their offspring will be:

answer

all dwarf plants

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Nondisjunction of chromosomes resulting in aneuploidy occurs during:

answer

anaphase I or II

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What is the product of transcription?

answer

RNA

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The degree of earlobe attachment in humans is inherited as a simple dominant of free earlobes, or as a recessive allele of attached earlobes. What is the probability that a woman with attached earlobes will have children with attached earlobes if their father has free earlobes, but his father had attached earlobes?

answer

1 in 2

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The Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrated that RNA, not protein, is the hereditary material.

answer

FALSE

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Each strand in the double helix is identical to the opposite strand.

answer

FALSE

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Which choice describes how the DNA molecule replicates?

answer

Semiconservative

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The process when an individual gene moves from one place in the genome to another is called a:

answer

transposition

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The building blocks of DNA are called:

answer

nucleotides

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When Griffith injected a mixture of dead S bacteria and live, capsuleless R bacteria, the mice:

answer

died of blood poisoning

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Hershey and Chase tagged the DNA of viruses with radioactive phosphorus, and their protein coats with radioactive sulfur. When the viruses were allowed to infect bacteria, what did the viruses transfer to the bacteria?

answer

Radioactive phosphorus

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A plant species has its DNA analyzed. The results show that 28% of its nitrogen bases are guanine. What is the percent represented by thymine?

answer

22%

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Which scientists determined that DNA synthesis is semiconservative?

answer

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

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Which researcher in 1761 noted unusual tumors of the nose in snuff users and suggested tobacco as the cause?

answer

John Hill

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When Frederick Griffith infected mice with S. pneumoniae that lacked a capsule, the mice:

answer

remained healthy

question

How many carbon atoms does deoxyribose have?

answer

5

question

The enzyme that joins the ends of newly synthesized segments of DNA after the primers have been removed is:

answer

DNA ligase

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Based on which of the following pieces of evidence about the transforming agent did Avery conclude that DNA is the hereditary material?

answer

The purified material had the same elements as DNA. B. In an ultracentrifuge, the material migrated like DNA. C. The material was not destroyed by protein-digesting enzymes. D. The material was destroyed by DNA-digesting enzymes. E. All of the choices are correct.

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Which scientist's work first suggested that DNA had the shape of a helix?

answer

Rosalind Franklin

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If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence ATTGCAT, its complementary strand will have the sequence:

answer

TAACGTA

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All of the following are correct about mutations except:

answer

A mutation in a somatic cell will be passed on to subsequent generations.

question

Which London surgeon noted in 1775 that chimney sweeps exhibited frequent cancer of the scrotum?

answer

Sir Percivall Pott

question

Meselson and Stahl proved that:

answer

DNA replicates in a semiconservative manner

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What observation did Dr. Katsusaburo Yamagiwa make to lead him to believe that chemicals cause cancer?

answer

He observed that when coal tar extracts were applied to rabbit skin, cancers eventually developed.

question

When Frederick Griffith infected mice with a virulent strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, the mice:

answer

died of blood poisoning

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Which is incorrect about the bases in nucleic acids?

answer

The purines are thymine and cytosine.

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Once a mistake is made in DNA it will stay there forever.

answer

FALSE

question

Which scientists are credited for deducing the true structure of DNA?

answer

James Watson and Francis Crick

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Biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that in DNA there was a special relationship between individual bases that we now refer to as Chargaff's rule. His observation was that:

answer

A = T and G = C

question

How many different codons are possible with the four different nucleotides?

answer

64

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In eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the _________ and translation takes place in the ________.

answer

nucleus, cytoplasm

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Which of the following is correct about the genetic code?

answer

All living things use the same genetic code.

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What is RNA interference?

answer

When small RNAs form double-stranded RNA molecules that can regulate gene expression.

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The use of DNA information to direct the production of particular proteins is called:

answer

gene expression

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The site where RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA molecule to start the formation of mRNA is called a(n):

answer

promoter

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The mRNA has a three-nucleotide sequence called a _________, while the molecule transporting the amino acid has a complementary sequence called a(n) _______________.

answer

codon, anticodon

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The process of bringing in the appropriate amino acid into position along the mRNA in the cytoplasm is:

answer

translation

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The molecule that carries each amino acid to its correct position along mRNA in the cytoplasm is:

answer

tRNA

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The RNA copy of DNA that leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm to make proteins is:

answer

mRNA

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The nucleotide sequences on DNA that actually have information encoding a sequence of amino acids are:

answer

exons

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Which site on the ribosome does the new tRNA bring an amino acid to?

answer

A

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The three nucleotide sequence on mRNA is called an anticodon.

answer

FALSE

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The bases of RNA are the same as those of DNA with the exception that RNA contains:

answer

uracil instead of thymine

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If an mRNA codon reads UAC, its complementary anticodon will be:

answer

AUG

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In humans, what percent of the genome is devoted to the exons that encode proteins?

answer

about 1.5%

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Which of the following cannot be a product of transcription?

answer

Protein

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A(n) ____________ is a piece of DNA with a group of genes that are transcribed together as a unit.

answer

operon

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The primary RNA transcript is:

answer

mRNA before the introns have been removed

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A group of DNA nucleotides that contains the information to produce a single protein is a:

answer

gene

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All of the following occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes except:

answer

there is alternative splicing of genes

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Small interfering RNAs can alter gene expression by targeting mRNA for destruction or by blocking translation of a mRNA.

answer

TRUE

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The genetic code is universal, the same in practically all organisms.

answer

TRUE

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Due to _________, the 25,000 genes of the human genome seem to encode as many as 120,000 different expressed mRNAs.

answer

alternative splicing

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To turn genes off, a regulatory protein called a __________ is bound to a regulatory site so that RNA polymerase is blocked.

answer

repressor

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The step that is most labor-intensive in gene transfer procedures is:

answer

screening

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Which is incorrect about restriction enzymes?

answer

They are found in bacteria and eukaryotes

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Golden" rice is so-named because it contains:

answer

vitamin A and iron

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The enzyme used to make a DNA copy complementary to processed mRNA is:

answer

reverse transcriptase

question

Glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup, is a good choice for engineering plants resistant to it because:

answer

it is a powerful herbicide B. it is readily biodegradable C. humans are not affected by it D. All of these are correct.

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Primers are:

answer

short sequences of nucleotides on either side of the gene to be amplified

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Crop plants are made resistant to insect pests by:

answer

inserting a gene from bacteria that secrete Bt

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If a fragment of eukaryotic RNA is needed that is made up only of exons, the place to look in the cell to find this is:

answer

in the cytoplasm

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The introduction of bovine somatotropin into the diets of dairy cows is important because it:

answer

greatly improves their milk production

question

Some bacteria, through natural selection, have acquired some extremely potent enzymes that destroy viral DNA, thereby preventing the bacterial cell from becoming infected with the virus. These enzymes are called:

answer

restriction endonucleases

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DNA fingerprinting is a highly accurate method of identifying a criminal from evidence, (blood, hair, skin, semen) left at a crime scene.

answer

TRUE

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The enzyme used to carry out the polymerase chain reaction on DNA is:

answer

DNA polymerase

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Genetic engineering in agriculture has been employed to:

answer

make crops resistant to insect pests B. make crops resistant to certain herbicides C. make crops more nutritious D. All of these are correct.

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Inserting a gene encoding a pathogenic microbe's surface protein into a harmless virus is the way a(n) _________________ is produced.

answer

piggyback vaccine

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In which way is genetic engineering involved in milk production?

answer

BST is made by recombinant techniques and added as a supplement to the cows' diet.

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When researchers wish to make multiple copies of a gene without first inserting it into a bacterium, they employ the:

answer

polymerase chain reaction

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All of the following crops have been genetically modified except:

answer

A. papaya B. pineapple C. cotton D. potato E. None of the choices are correct; they have all been genetically modified

question

Choose the correct sequence for gene transfer procedures.

answer

cleaving DNA, recombining DNA, cloning, screening

question

Removing genes from molecules of DNA requires the use of special:

answer

restriction enzymes

question

Of what benefit is the metallothionin gene that is inserted into golden rice genome?

answer

supply extra sulfur to increase iron uptake

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A number of human genes have been inserted into bacteria to produce many useful human proteins EXCEPT:

answer

human hemoglobin

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When a recombinant plasmid is taken up from the surrounding solution by a bacterial cell, it is known as:

answer

transformation

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All of the following are correct about genetically modified crops except:

answer

A. They are not allowed to be grown in the U.S. D. Only one gene can be inserted into a plant's genome to modify it. E. A and D are incorrect

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Complementary DNA is useful in cloning eukaryotic genes because it represents the gene without the exons.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following is not a genetically engineered drug?

answer

Glyphosate

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The fastest growing area of research in genomics is:

answer

bioinformatics

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Of the following organisms, which has the largest genome size?

answer

Commercial rice

question

Groups of related but distinctly different genes that occur together in clusters are called:

answer

multigene families

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Whole blocks of genes that have been copied from one chromosome to another are referred to as:

answer

segmental duplications

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How many genes constitute the human genome?

answer

About 25,000

question

All of the proteins that an organism produces are referred to as its:

answer

proteome

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All of the following are correct about the X and Y chromosomes except:

answer

Males have two Y chromosomes.

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When comparing the genomes of a variety of organisms, what is most surprising?

answer

The number of similarities between species

question

Tandem clusters allow:

answer

production of a huge amount of product in a very short time period

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What percent of the human genome is coding DNA?

answer

1 - 1.5%

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If only about 1% of the human genome is devoted to protein-encoded genes, what is the majority of the rest?

answer

Transposable elements

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All of the genes and other DNA of an organism constitute its:

answer

genome

question

The closer relatives two species are, the less genomic differences between them.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following is the largest genome sequenced to date?

answer

homo sapiens (human)

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Which was the genome to be fully sequenced?

answer

The bacterial virus ΦX174

question

Which of the following is incorrect about microarrays?

answer

The GeneChip by Affymetrix includes 100 known human genes.

question

All of the following are true about the HOX gene except:

answer

It plays a role in the brain development of animals.

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Humans have 46 chromosomes. Gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans have 48. The explanation is:

answer

that there was fusion of two chromosomes in humans

question

The most effective way to analyze variation at the whole genome level is to use:

answer

single nucleotide polymorphisms 100

question

Which of the following is a long interspersed nuclear element?

answer

LINEs

question

Comparing the entire DNA content of different organisms is called:

answer

genomics

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Which of these is NOT a type of noncoding human DNA?

answer

Multigene families

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Noncoding "junk" DNA is rich in regulatory RNA sequences and may in fact have more of a function than previously assumed.

answer

TRUE

question

Protein-specifying fragments are known as:

answer

exons

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The new area of science that seeks to catalog and analyze every protein in the human body to help understand the human genome is called:

answer

proteomics

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An adult stem cell differs from an embryonic stem cell in that it is not:

answer

pluripotent

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Therapeutic cloning successfully addresses the key problem of ________________, which must be solved before embryonic stem cells can be used to repair damaged human organs.

answer

immune acceptance

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Embryonic stem cells have been used in mice with all of the following procedures EXCEPT:

answer

creating mice cloning surrogates

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an Wilmut successfully cloned Dolly the sheep from a fully differentiated sheep cell. This type of cloning is known as:

answer

reproductive cloning

question

During gamete development certain genes are turned "on" or "off" by methylation of proteins.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following problems exist when performing human gene therapy?

answer

A. The vector used to carry the gene may elicit a strong immune response, leading to rejection of the added gene. B. The virus vector may cause a lethal immune reaction itself in rare cases. C. The virus vector may insert its DNA into the middle of a gene, which could lead to cancer. D. All of the choices are correct.

question

Which of the following has not yet been attempted by scientists?

answer

gene intervention of germ-line tissue

question

Why were gene therapy trials to treat severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) halted in 2005?

answer

Some of the treated children in the trial developed cancer.

question

A promising vector is being investigated for use in gene therapy. It is the

answer

adeno-associated virus

question

In therapeutic cloning, why are the embryonic cells used to treat an individual not rejected by that individual?

answer

Because the embryonic cells are cloned from the same individual they are injected into

question

A clear distinction between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning is that:

answer

therapeutic cloning involves the eventual destruction of the embryo, whereas reproductive cloning does not

question

Instead of using the term "gene therapy," medical ethicists prefer the term _________, since it does not imply a cure.

answer

gene intervention

question

Embryonic stem cells come from embryos specifically made for research.

answer

FALSE

question

Therapeutic cloning involves initiating ______ development from a patient's tissue using nuclear transplant procedures.

answer

blastocyst

question

Scientists in Scotland figured out a novel method to clone cells successfully. It involved:

answer

using an egg and a nucleus that were at the same stage of the cell cycle

question

The first embryonic stem cells that were discovered to be totipotent were isolated from a:

answer

mouse

question

Genomic imprinting works by:

answer

blocking the cell's ability to read certain genes

question

At what point does the U.S. Supreme Court take the position that human life begins?

answer

when independent survival is possible

question

What disease has the AAV vector cured in rhesus monkeys?

answer

Anemia

question

The cloning of "Dolly" established that cloning an adult animal cell is possible. This is called:

answer

reproductive cloning

question

Adult stem cells are just as totipotent as embryonic stem cells.

answer

FALSE

question

In animal cloning, DNA donated from an adult stem cell:

answer

has to be reprogrammed for the gene expression needed for early development

question

If a gene has been methylated:

answer

the polymerase protein can no longer recognize it to read

question

When cloning Dolly, in order to encourage the plasma membranes of the two cells to become leaky so that the contents of the mammary cell passed into the egg cell, researchers applied:

answer

an electrical shock

question

Implantation of the human embryo in the uterus occurs on day ____ after fertilization.

answer

7

question

When only a very few individuals give rise to a new population in a new area of favorable habitat, they might differ in appearance from the other, larger population from which they separated. This effect is called the:

answer

founder effect

question

The differences produced between breeds produced by artificial selection are more distinctive than differences between wild species.

answer

TRUE

question

Much of the evolutionary history of vertebrates can be seen in the way in which their ________ develop.

answer

embryos

question

All of the following are examples of vestigial structures except:

answer

human gall bladder

question

Bees may pick up pollen of one species on a certain place on their bodies; if this area does not come into contact with the receptive structures of the flowers of another plant species, the pollen is not transferred. This is an example of:

answer

mechanical isolation

question

The hypothesis that suggests evolution occurs slowly and changes in organisms are nearly imperceptible is:

answer

gradualism

question

Choose the phrase that best represents microevolutionary change.

answer

Changes in allele frequency in a population

question

All of the following are correct about Intelligent Design except:

answer

it is scientifically testable

question

Whales are descendents of:

answer

a relative of a hippopotamus

question

Sickle-cell anemia in humans is an example of:

answer

stabilizing or balancing selection

question

In human infants, there has long been evolution toward having the highest survival rate at a 6-7 pound birth weight. This is an example of:

answer

stabilizing or balancing selection

question

In a certain population, the frequency of a dominant allele is represented by p = 0.7, and the frequency of the recessive allele is represented by 0.3. What is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype?

answer

0.42

question

Most types of organisms evolve at about the same rate.

answer

FALSE

question

________________ results from microevolutionary changes that increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction.

answer

Adaptation

question

Features that are similar in organisms that are not evolutionarily related are due to:

answer

similar selective pressures

question

A population of frogs developing a slight difference in their mating calls is an example of:

answer

microevolutionary change

question

The hypothesis that suggests evolution occurs in spurts, with a great deal of evolutionary activity followed by periods of slower evolution is:

answer

punctuated equilibrium

question

If two species of birds occur in the same area but occupy different habitats they do not mate. This is an example of:

answer

ecological isolation

question

A structure remaining in an animal but with no use at all is called:

answer

vestigial

question

Over time, the same bones in different vertebrates were put to different uses. This falls under the category of:

answer

homologous structures

question

In small populations, gene frequencies can change drastically by chance alone. This phenomenon is called:

answer

genetic drift

question

If two species of plants bloom during different seasons in the same habitat, this is known as:

answer

temporal isolation

question

The molecular evidence of how the cytochrome c gene changes with time suggests that this gene evolves:

answer

at a constant rate

question

The notion that organisms that are more distantly related should have time to accumulate more biochemical differences than those more closely related can best be illustrated using:

answer

a molecular clock

question

Two populations of flowers are separated by a mountain range and would not be capable of interbreeding. This is an example of:

answer

geographical isolation

question

How many possible orientations are there if a cell has four chromosome pairs?

answer

16

question

Some organisms are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually.

answer

True

question

In humans, how many different kinds of gametes can be produced due to independent assortment only?

answer

2*(23)

question

Why is crossing over not possible in meiosis II?

answer

Because homologous chromosomes are no longer in the same cell.

question

After meiosis I, _______cells are formed and after meiosis II_______cells result.

answer

2, 4

question

Which is incorrect about meiosis?

answer

Sister chomatids separate in anaphase I

question

Reproduction by mitosis is only asexual.

answer

TRUE

question

Bacteria reproduces by meiosis.

answer

FALSE

question

Duplication of DNA occurs:

answer

during interphase

question

All of the following are sources of genetic variety except:

answer

synapsis

question

The arrangement of chromosomes in metaphase I of meiosis is not important as long as homologues pair.

answer

TRUE

question

Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes occurs at:

answer

metaphase I

question

The alignment of homologous chromosomes with the exchange of genetic information between them is known as:

answer

crossing over

question

Which of these is NOT a unique feature of meiosis?

answer

Diploid daughter cells

question

After meiosis, the gamete joins with another gamete in all eukaryotic organisms.

answer

FALSE

question

In plants like the fern, haploid cells produced by meiosis divide by ________, forming a multicellular haploid phase.

answer

mitosis

question

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

answer

Prophase I

question

The main difference between prophase I and II is that in prophase I:

answer

synapsis and crossing over occurs

question

The purpose of meiosis I is?

answer

to separate homologous chromosomes

question

In humans, ________ divide by meiosis to produce eggs and sperm.

answer

germ-line cells

question

Which scientist is credited with proposing in 1887 that an egg and a sperm fuse to form a zygote?

answer

van Beneden

question

The kinetochore holds the homologous chromosomes together.

answer

FALSE

question

What is the basis of Herman Muller's Ratchet theory?

answer

That once harmful mutations arise, asexual populations have no way of eliminating them.

question

Animals do have which type of reproduction?

answer

sexual and asexual

question

An Organism's diploid number is 64. Its haploid number would be:

answer

32

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