Biology Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function Vocabulary – Flashcards
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Cell
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Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life
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Cell theory
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Idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
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Nucleus
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Structure that contains the cells genetic material (DNA) and controls the cells activities
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Eukaryotes
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Cells that contain nuclei
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Prokaryotes
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Cells that do not contain nuclei
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Organelles
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Structures inside a cell that act as tiny organs
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Cytoplasm
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The area outside of the nucleus
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Nuclear envelope
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Layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
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Chromatin
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Granular material in the nucleus made of DNA bound to protein
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Chromosomes
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Chromatin condenses to form this; these distinct, threadlike structures contain the genetic information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next.
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Nucleolus
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Small dense region inside of the nucleus; ribosomes are made here
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Ribosomes
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Proteins are assembled on these; small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm; they produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Internal membrane system
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Involved in synthesis of proteins; many ribosomes found on its surface
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Smooth ER
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No ribosomes on the surface; contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, including the synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs
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Golgi apparatus
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Function is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.
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Lysosomes
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Small organelles filled with enzymes; digestion, or breakdown, of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell; involved in breaking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness; they remove junk
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Vacuoles
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Saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
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Mitochondria
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Organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
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Chloroplasts
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Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and converted into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
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Cytoskeleton
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A network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape; this is also involved in movement
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Microfilaments
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Threadlike structures made of protein called actin; they formed extensive networks in some cells and produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell; they also help cells move by assembly and disassembly
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Microtubules
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Hollow structures made of proteins known as tubulin; they play critical roles in maintaining sell shape; important in cell division, they form a structure known as the mitotic spindle, which helps to separate chromosomes.
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Centrioles
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Formed from tubulin; located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division; are not found in plant cells
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Cell membrane
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A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support
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Concentration
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The mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume
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Cell wall
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Strong supporting layer around the membrane; provides protection and support
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Lipid bilayer
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Double layered sheet that gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings
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Diffusion
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And movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; does not require energy
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Equilibrium
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Reached when the concentration of the solute is the same throughout the system
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Osmosis
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The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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Isotonic
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Same strength
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Hypertonic
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Above strength
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Hypotonic
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Below strength
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Facilitated diffusion
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When protein channels help substances move across the membrane
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Active transport
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Requires energy
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Endocytosis
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The process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane
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Phagocytosis
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Extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and pack packages within a food vacuole, The cell then engulfs it; taking in with the intent to destroy
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Pinocytosis
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Tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, filled with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles with in the cell
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Exocytosis
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The membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell
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Cell specialization
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Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks
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Levels of organization in a multicellular organism
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Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
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Tissue
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A group of similar cells that perform a particular function
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Organ
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Many groups of tissues work together to become this
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Organ system
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A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
