Biology Chapter 6 Meiosis and Mendel Vocabulary – Flashcards
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somatic cell
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Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells
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gamete
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Haploid reproductive cells
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homologous chromosome
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Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis.
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autosome
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Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
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sex chromosome
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Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
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sexual reproduction
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A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
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fertilization
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Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
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diploid
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an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number.
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haploid
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(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
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meiosis
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Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
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sperm
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Male sex cell
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egg
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Female sex cell
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trait
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A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.
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genetics
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Scientific study of heredity
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purebred
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An organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent., An organism that has 2 of the same alleles for a trait
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cross
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The deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent.
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gene
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A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
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allele
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An alternative form of a gene.
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homozygous
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An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
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heterozygous
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An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
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genome
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All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.
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genotype
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An organism's genetic makeup
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phenotype
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An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
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dominant
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Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.
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recessive
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An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
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Punnett square
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A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
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monohybrid cross
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A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait
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dihybrid cross
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A cross between two individuals, concentrating on two definable traits
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crossing over
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Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.
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genetic linkage
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tendency for genes located close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together
