Biology Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics Vocab – Flashcards
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genetics
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the scientific study of heredity, key to understanding what makes each organism unique
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fertilization
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process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell.
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trait
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specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
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hybrids
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the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
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genes
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factors that are passed from parent to offspring
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alleles
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different forms of a gene
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principle of dominance
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Mendel's second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
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segregation
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separation
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probability
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the likelihood that a particular event will occur
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homozygous
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An organism that has two identical alleles for the particular gene
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heterozygous
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An organism that has two different alleles for the same gene
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phenotype
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physical traits
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genotype
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genetic makeup
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independent assortment
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One of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
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incomplete dominance
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situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
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codominance
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situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed
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multiple allele
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A gene that has more than two alleles
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polygenic traits
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traits controlled by two or more genes
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homologous
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each of the 4 chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent
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diploid
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a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
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haploid
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a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes.
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meiosis
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process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
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tetrad
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structure formed by pairing of replicated chromosomes with its corresponding homologous chromosome, contains four chromatids
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crossing-over
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the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis
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zygote
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a fertilized egg
