Biology Chapter 10 Study Cards – Flashcards
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the larger the cell, the more trouble it has moving enough nutrients across the
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cell membrane
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as the length of a cell increases, its volume increases faster than its
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surface area
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To avoid growing too large, cells regulate their size by
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cell division
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What can happen if a cell were to get too large for the amount of DNA it has?
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DNA overload; the DNA cannot control the cell's activities
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What substances must pass through a cell's membrane for the cell to continue to function?
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in: oxygen, food; out: wastes and carbon dioxide
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What are the four phases of the cell cycle?
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M (cell division), G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), and G2 (preparation for mitosis)
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During which phase does a cell copy its chromosomes?
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S phase
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What happens during cytokenesis?
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division of cytoplasm and organelles, two new cells as a result
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Chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell
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metaphase
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chromosomes become visible
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prophase
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centrioles seperate
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prophase
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sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes
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anaphase
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two new nuclear envelopes form
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telophase
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the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down
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prophase
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each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber
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metaphase
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the individual chromosomes move apart
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anaphase
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What does the cell cycle consist of?
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cell division and interphase
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What does cell division consist of?
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mitosis and cytokinesis
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What does mitosis consist of?
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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What does interphase consist of?
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g1, S, and g2
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Explain why the terms cell division and mitosis should not be used interchangeable
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cell division includes mitosis AND cytokenesis; mitosis is the division of the nucleus (does not apple to prokaryotes)
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What is the function of cyclin in eukaryotic cells?
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regulates the timing of the cell cycle
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Explain the importance of internal regulators.
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prevent a cell from entering mitosis until all chromosomes have been replicated
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How do external regulators respond to events outside the cell?
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such as growth factors, direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle
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What causes abnormal growth of cancer cells?
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the failure to respond to signals that regulate growth
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Do all cells in the body have the same growth rate?
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no, some cells complete the cell cycle more quickly than other cells, or spend more time in one phase than another. External regulators can also alter growth rate.
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What are the similarities and the differences between internal and external cell cycle regulators?
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both regulate the timing of the cell cycle; external - respond to stimuli from outside the cell; internal - responds to stimuli from within the cell
