question

Scientific inquiry is largely based on

answer

an incremental approach to truth

question

The conservation ethic holds that we should

answer

be responsible for wise management while using natural resources

question

A paradigm

answer

is a dominant view in science

question

Advances in agriculture

answer

resulted in alteration and destruction of natural systems

question

The scientific process and knowledge is based on

answer

testing hypotheses that are build on observations

question

Ecological economists argue that

answer

if nothing is done to rein in population growth and increased resource consumption, human economies will plunge into ruin

question

Ecosystem services include

answer

essential services including items such as water purification and oxygen production

question

In a controlled experiment

answer

the scientist controls for the effects of all variables but the one(s) of interest

question

Environmental policy aims to

answer

promote fairness among people in the use of resources, protect the values people hold, protect the natural resources people use (all of the above)

question

Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring, published in the 1960's,

answer

awakened the American public to negative effects of pesticides, focused on chemical pollutants including industrial chemicals, was the beginning of the third wave of U.S. environmental policy, warned of bird losses through pesticide use (all of the above)

question

The categorical imperative

answer

is an ethical standard, can be used to differentiate between right and wrong, is a told for a decision making, is roughly Christianity's Golden rule (all of the above)

question

Solutions to environmental problems

answer

must be sustainable

question

The principle of utility

answer

holds hat something is right when it produces the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people

question

One ecological lesson from Easter Island is that

answer

humans and their environment are integrated

question

A centrally planned economy is

answer

a state socialist economy

question

A worldview is developed a sa result of

answer

religion, culture, education, sex (all of the above)

question

"Ecosystem services" include:

answer

erosion control

question

Which of the following is an assumption of neoclassical economics

answer

growth is good

question

Aldo Leopold's "Land Ethic" essay describes

answer

ecological communities are comprised of interdependent parts

question

An ecological footprint is a measure of

answer

the amount of land required to sustain a lifestyle

question

The use of the ocean as a site waste disposal for all is an example of

answer

a commons

question

Using the ocean as a waste disposal site

answer

benefits some people for a limited amount of time

question

Following the concept of ecological economics, the use of the ocean for surfing

answer

represents an ecosystem service

question

To change the situation, Josie can,

answer

vote, lobby, organize her fellow surfers, contribute to the campaign of like-minded politicians (all of the above)

question

The horizontal line shows

answer

productivity of the land is relatively constant, productivity of the ocean is relatively constant, the ocean's ability to absorb waste is relatively constant, the atmosphere's ability to absorb waste s relatively constant (all of the above)

question

The solid line shows

answer

humanity's ecological footprint has been increasing

question

The fact that the solid line exceeds the dashed line (an overshoot) after 1977 suggests:

answer

environmental degradation is occurring at a rate faster than the planet can restore itself

question

The fact that the overshoot continues to increase each year suggests

answer

the day that the overshoot occurs is happening earlier each year

question

Which of the variables of the experiment is the dependent variable?

answer

the number of seeds that germinated

question

Which of the variables of the experiment is the independent variable?

answer

the light level

question

What problem(s) do you see in Dr. Williams' experimental design and conclusions

answer

he did not control for temperature changes due to different light levels, he did not control for evaporation effects due to different light levels, he did not have adequate replicates to reduce the chance that the results were not due to chance, he idd not use a statistical analysis to determine the significance of his results (all of the above)

question

In order to publish this work in a legitimate scientific journal, what will need to happen

answer

the manuscript that details the experiment and results will need to be reviewed positively by other scientists

question

The GDP measures

answer

the monetary value of goods and services exchanged

question

An increase in the GDP

answer

is not necessarily a good or bad thing

question

An increase in the GPI

answer

is a good thing

question

A steady-state economy means that the economy

answer

stays stable

question

"Humans have dominion over the environment" is a view primarily espoused by

answer

anthropocentrics

question

"All life is sacred and needs to treated as such" is a view primarily espoused by

answer

biocentrics

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Aldo Leopold, Deep Ecologists, and Transcedentalists are most closely aligned to

answer

ecocentrics

question

The utilitarian viewpoint of the environment is a view primarily espoused by

answer

anthropocentrics

question

The two processes that determine the world's current biodiversity (the number of species) are

answer

extinction and speciation

question

Which list includes biomes in the correct order of highest to lowest rainfall

answer

tropical rainforest, temperate deciduous forest, grassland, desert

question

The overall number of species has generally _______ sinces 4.5 billion years ago

answer

increased

question

The carrying capacity is the

answer

maximum population size that a given environment can sustain

question

Variation in populations

answer

is what natural selection "selects" for or against

question

Primary succession

answer

is community development on bare rock following removal of previous community including growth substrates such as soil

question

Atoms can bond to form

answer

molecules

question

A population is a

answer

group of individuals of single species that live in one area

question

All organisms with organelles in their fluid-filled inner chambers are

answer

eukaryotes

question

Chemical energy is

answer

potential energy, the energy held in the bonds between atoms

question

The pH scale was devised to quantify the ______ of a solution

answer

acidity

question

If the presence of species A reduces the growth rate of species B and the presence of species B reduces the growth rate of species A, the relationship between the two species is said to be

answer

competitive

question

Which of the following equations represents cellular respiration

answer

C6H12+602---> 6H20+6CO2+ENERGY

question

Macronutrients

answer

are required in large doses for organisms to survive

question

How energy flows in an ecosystem is often diagrammed as

answer

food web

question

Evolution in response to competition through altered resource use

answer

is called resource partitioning

question

Which macromolecule encodes the genetic messages that are transmitted between generations

answer

DNA

question

A network of relationships among a group of parts, elements, or components, that interact with and influence one another through exchange of matter and/or information is referred to as

answer

a system

question

An invasive species

answer

may outcompete native species, is a species that spreads wildly and rapidly becomes dominant can refer to exotic species, ma alter the food web (all of the above)

question

Unregulated populations tend to increase by

answer

exponential growth

question

the overall patter of this type of population is called

answer

logistic growth

question

the region on the curve around the number 2, where growth rate is positive, best reflects

answer

exponential growth

question

the population size at the number 1 is called

answer

the carrying capacity

question

the fact that the population becomes stable may imply

answer

there is a limit of resources, the birth rate is density depended, the mortality rate is density dependent, there is a negative feedback (all of the abolve)

question

the transfer of which gas goes from plants to animals

answer

oxygen

question

the transfer of which gas goes from animals to plants

answer

carbon dioxide

question

the transfer of which type of energy goes from plants to animals

answer

chemical

question

the transfer of which type of energy goes from animals to plants

answer

none of the above

question

If Shawn only suffered injury that rendered him unable to reproduce (and he had not produced any offspring yet), his fitness, in terms of evolutionary theory, would be

answer

zero

question

If this is a typical behavior of someone with a small bladder (assume bladder size has a genetic basis), and those with small bladders suffer similar fates in this population, what model of selection would apply

answer

directional selection would occur favoring those with larger bladders

question

If bladder size has a genetic basis, this means the information that determines bladder size is carried by

answer

nucleotide chains

question

natural selection assumes

answer

there is individual variation

question

the climate is

answer

seasonal

question

the months where drought is most likely to occur are

answer

june-august

question

the location of the climate regions is most likely

answer

in the northern hemisphere

question

if infrequently disturbed, the most likely biome for this climatograph is

answer

shrubby desert

question

life began in which era

answer

precambrian

question

humans began in which period

answer

quaternary

question

which of the following is in the proper sequence from earliest to the most recent

answer

prokaryotic life, eukaryotic life, terrestrial life, vertebrate life, human

question

extinction and speciation occurred in which era

answer

cenozoic, mesozoic, paleozoic, precambrian (all of the above)

question

the largest component of atmospheric gases is

answer

nitrogen

question

the green revolution prevented

answer

the starvation of millions of people

question

one of the problems that occurs as a consequence of CFC pollution is

answer

increasing skin cancer in humans

question

the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases over the last two centuries is primarily due to

answer

fossil fuel use

question

soil can be characterized by

answer

the amount of sand, silt, and clay, pH, number and types of horizons, amount of organic material (all of the above)

question

insecticides often kill

answer

pollinators, pests, organisms that can act as biocontrol agents, organisms that feed higher on the food chain (all of the above)

question

aquaculture

answer

is typically more energetically efficient than raising terrestrial livestock

question

life expectancy in countries in countries such as botswana in southern africa

answer

has fallen dramatically compared to expectancies of the 1950's because of AIDS

question

crops made with genes extracted from other organisms are

answer

genetically engineered

question

Earth's climate

answer

is subject to change through human and natural processes

question

seasons are a result of

answer

the tilt of the earth on its axis

question

the impact of humans on the environment depends primarily on

answer

the number of people and how they live

question

exponential growth

answer

increases by a fixed percentage o=per unit time

question

keelin's mauna loa data on carbon dioxide demonstrated

answer

an increase in carbon dioxide since recording began

question

pesticides become less useful over time because

answer

resistance is acquired by larger andlarger numbers of individuals

question

populations in less developed nations

answer

are growing much more rapidly than those in more developed nations

question

the breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is termed

answer

weathering

question

the impacts of global climate hcange on forests will likely include

answer

shifts in the abundance of certain tree s[ecies

question

the practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock for human use and consumption is

answer

agriculture

question

during most of our species' 100,000-year existence and until about 10,000 years ago, we depended on

answer

hunting and gathering

question

lakes with high levels of nutrients are called

answer

eutrophic

question

which lake would you expect ot have more algae growth

answer

lake one (the one that recies high levels of nutrient inputs

question

which lake would you expect to have higher levels of oxygen

answer

lake two (lake that does not have less nutrients)

question

nutrients found in florida lake systems include

answer

agricultural fertilizers, lawn fertilizers, phosphorous, nitrogen (all of the above)

question

which population is most likely stable

answer

square bottoms and slightly stairs up

question

which population is most likely growing

answer

stairs

question

which population is most likely shrinking

answer

up side down stairs

question

which population has an uneven sex ratio

answer

the weird looking boxes

question

the numbers 1 to 12 on the y-axis are in the

answer

billions

question

the population seems to level off shortly after the year 2100. at this point

answer

the birth rate equals the death rate

question

population growth after 2000 AD is concentrated most in

answer

lesser developed world

question

base on the ipat model, an increase in population size leads to

answer

an increased environmental impact

question

this process depicted above is known as

answer

biomagnification

question

if you were a native american, eating which animal would be the least damaging in terms of PCB

answer

zooplankton

question

if PCBs function as endocrine disruptors, what may happen to the porpoises

answer

the sexuality of them will be altered

question

this process is similar to one rachel carson found with

answer

insecticides

question

atmospheric carbon dioxide has been ______ since 1958

answer

increasing

question

the seasonal ups and downs relate primarily to

answer

cycles of terrestrial plants photosynthesizing

question

the general trend of atmospheric carbon dioxide is caused by

answer

fossil fuel burning

question

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is in part responsible for the

answer

greenhouse effect

question

water that reaches earth's surface that does not evaporate can

answer

infiltrate the surface, be taken up by animals, run off, end up in the aquifer (all of the above)

question

changes in habitat have tremendous effects on the organisms that depend on them. theses effects are

answer

generally negative because organisms are already adapted to the habitats in which they occur, so that any change is likely to render the habitat less suitable for them

question

mangroves are

answer

adapted to often flood, marine environments

question

the most dramatic form of timber harvesting in terms of habitat loss result from

answer

clear cutting

question

we build dams to

answer

generate electricity, ease irrigations, prevent floods, provide drinking water (all of the above)

question

of the fresh water that exists in the ecosphere, most of it is found where

answer

ice caps and glaciers

question

presently, extinction occurs primarily from

answer

habitat destruction

question

habitat disturbance that occurs as a result of logging includes

answer

soil erosion

question

a species

answer

can freely breed with one another to produce fertile offspring

question

biodiversity refers to

answer

genetic variants of a single species, communities of organisms, individual species, ecosystems (all of the above)

question

coral reefs are

answer

found primarily in tropical regions

question

the energy that corals use is derived from

answer

symbiotic algae that are capable of photosynthesis

question

the greatest general problem with suburbs is

answer

they spread environmental impact over a larger area

question

what percentage of total water on earth is freshwater

answer

2.5%

question

layers develop in the ocean due to

answer

sunlight penetration providing heat

question

which of the following change global species diversity

answer

speciation and extinction

question

sinkholes result from

answer

over consumption of water from aquifers

question

which of the following is the major source of oil pollution in the oceans

answer

runoff from terestrial sources

question

the greatest diversity of organisms can be found in

answer

insects

question

which of the following leads to changes in local species diversity

answer

immigration and extinction

question

the system

answer

has a variety of plant communities

question

the flow of water presently is

answer

reduced from 200 years ago

question

channelizing the kissimmee river led to

answer

a reduction in flooding

question

which is part of the overall everglades restoration plan

answer

re-establishing the flow patterns of the kissimmee river

question

according to the theory of island biogeography, which islands should have the higher rates of extinction

answer

the smaller islands

question

according to the theory of island biogeography, which islands should have the higher rates of immigration

answer

the two closer islands

question

according to the theory of island biogeography, which island would you expect to have the most species

answer

the closer bigger island

question

according to the theory of island biogeography, which island would you expect to have the least species

answer

the smaller further one

question

the dominant life form in terms of species number found in the system is

answer

insects

question

the dominant life form in terms of biomass found in the system is

answer

trees

question

individual species niche space here, compared to latitudes further away from the equator

answer

is typically more finely divided

question

the number of unknown species estimated to live in this system is

answer

1,000,000-30,000,000

question

which time period has the most interior forest

answer

the most dark area

question

which time period has the highest edge to interior area ratio

answer

the least amount of dark

question

which forested landscape would be considered the most connected

answer

the most dark area

question

which time period would you expect there to be more native vertebrate species

answer

the most dark area

question

which region would you expect a large clockwise surface gyre

answer

in between america and africa

question

which region does the warming/cooling associated with el nino/la nina occur

answer

near south america, on the equator

question

which region would you expect to find kelp forests

answer

near california

question

which region would you expect o find mangrove forests

answer

on the equator below europe

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