Biology 26: Phylogeny – Flashcards
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the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
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phylogeny
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a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
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systematics
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how organisms are named and classified by their characteristics
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taxonomy
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classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
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binomial nomenclature
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domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
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taxonomic groups
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a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy
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taxon
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a branching diagram that represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms
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phylogenetic tree
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a classification system which recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendants
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Phylocode
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represents the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor
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branch point
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groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor
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sister taxa
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phylogenetic tree that includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree
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rooted
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a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group
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basal taxon
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a branch from which more than two groups emerge
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polytomy
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phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry
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homologies
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similarities due to convergent evolution
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analogies
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analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently
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homoplasies
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discipline that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships
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molecular systematics
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the approach to systematics in which common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms
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cladistics
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a monophyletic group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
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clade
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a non-clade group which consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendants
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paraphyletic
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a non-clade group in which some members have different ancestors
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polyphyletic
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a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
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shared ancestral
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a character that is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
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shared derived
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a species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the species we are studying
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outgroup
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assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (simplest) is the most likely
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maximum parsimony
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given certain probability rules about how DNA sequences change over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events
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maximum likelihood
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the concept that some genes evolve at constant rates, and which is used to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change
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molecular clock
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states that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian selection
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neutral theory
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the movement of genes from one genome to another via transposable elements, plasmids, viruses, and fusion of organisms
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horizontal gene transfer
