question

The first exclusively oceanographic expedition was undertaken on the:

answer

HMS Challenger

question

Who is considered by many to be the first marine biologist?

answer

Aristotle

question

T/F. Water is a polar molecule.

answer

True

question

Heat is measured in:

answer

Calories

question

Compared to air, the specific heat of water is:

answer

Much higher

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Hydrogen bonds hold water together. This property is known as:

answer

Cohesion

question

The maximum density of pure water occurs at what temperature?

answer

4 o C

question

Above 4 oC, what effect does increasing temperature have on water density?

answer

Density decreases

question

T/F. When salts are dissolved in water, the density of the water decreases.

answer

False

question

As light passes through water, it is absorbed and scattered by:

answer

water molecules ions suspended particles

question

T/F. A positively charged ion is called a cation.

answer

True

question

How many grams of salt are contained in a liter of typical seawater?

answer

35

question

Which of the following ions is a major constituent of seawater?

answer

sulfate bicarbonate sodium

question

During photosynthesis, plants use:

answer

carbon dioxide

question

During respiration, plants use:

answer

Oxygen

question

If there are more H+ cations than OH- anions in a solution, it would be considered:

answer

Acidic

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The pH of an acidic solution would be:

answer

below 7

question

The pH of seawater (average) is:

answer

7.8

question

The saturation concentration of a gas in seawater depends on:

answer

temperature salinity pressure

question

T/F. Desalination is the process of obtaining salt water from fresh water.

answer

False

question

Instantaneous solar radiation per unit area on Earth is greatest at the:

answer

equator

question

What percent of incoming solar radiation is absorbed at Earth's surface?

answer

47.5

question

The oceans can absorb and release large amounts of heat with little change in temperature due to the high ? of water.

answer

Specific Heat

question

The layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth is the:

answer

Troposphere

question

The ozone layer is mostly in the:

answer

stratosphere

question

The atmosphere is composed mostly of:

answer

nitrogen

question

Which reservoir holds the largest amount of carbon dioxide?

answer

The ocean

question

In the northern hemisphere, air is deflected in which direction relative to Earth's surface?

answer

To the right

question

In the southern hemisphere, the Trade Winds come from the:

answer

southeast

question

El Nino is characterized by:

answer

a period of anomalous climatic conditions warm surface water in the eastern Pacific a lack of upwelling off the Peruvian coast

question

Biodiversity

answer

Ocean covers 70% of Earth's surface and provides 99% of all habitable space Life probably originated in the sea

question

Chronometer

answer

Timekeeping device of great accuracy, especially used in measuring longitude

question

Atoll

answer

A former volcanic island; ring-like island and coral reef that surrounds a lagoon. Island sank. Theory by Darwin

question

SONAR

answer

Sound navigation and ranging developed during WWII to find submarines Used today to determine: Water depth Bottom characteristics Schools of fish

question

ROV

answer

Remotely operated vehicle Unmanned Tethered to a ship Take samples Smaller, more maneuverable than submarines Jason took first pictures of Titanic

question

AUV

answer

Autonomous underwater vehicel for mapping, long periods of time, no people, deeper, has sensors affiliated with sonar salinity and temp

question

Scientific Method

answer

Scientific conclusions are based on observations

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Induction

answer

using separate, specific observations to arrive at general principles

question

Deduction

answer

using general principles to make specific conclusions

question

Azoic Theory

answer

proposed by Edward Forbes, stated that life did not exist on the sea depths beyond 300 fathoms

question

Aristotle

answer

"first marine biologist" Realized that fish use gills to breathe

question

Carolus Linneaus

answer

System for naming species

question

Georges Cuvier

answer

Major scheme for classification based on body plan

question

James Cook

answer

first to make scientific observations, beginning in 1768 Full time naturalist on board brought back specimens of plants and animals Explored all oceans on three voyages First to use chronometer

question

Edward Forbes

answer

used a dredge to collect organisms on sea floor Different species found at different depths No. of animals decreased with increasing depth Azoic Theory

question

Charles Darwin

answer

sailed around world on HMS Beagle Theory of evolution by natural selection Treatise on barnacles Theory of formation of atolls

question

HMS Beagle

answer

5 year voyage of Charles Darwin

question

HMS Challenger

answer

was first dedicated oceanographic expedition Led by Charles Wyville Thompson in 1872 Sailed around the world over 3 years Collected samples of water and organisms Systematic fashion Meticulous notes Took 19 years to publish in 50 volumes Foundation for modern marine science

question

Charles Wyville Thompson

answer

led the first true oceanographic expedition on the HMS Challenger

question

Covalent bond

answer

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

question

Polar molecule

answer

Molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

question

Hydrogen bond

answer

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

question

Temperature

answer

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in the substance

question

Heat

answer

a measure of total kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a substance

question

Latent heat of fusion

answer

the heat needed to change water from a solid to a liquid (without a change in temperature)

question

Latent heat of vaporization

answer

the heat needed to change water from a liquid to a vapor (without a change in temperature)

question

Specific heat

answer

the quantity of heat required to produce a unit change in temperature per unit mass

question

Cohesion

answer

Water molecules are attracted to each other and give water structure

question

Adhesion

answer

An attraction between molecules of different substances

question

Surface tension

answer

Cohesion of molecules at air-surface interface

question

Capillary action

answer

Movement of water in spaces of a porous material

question

Viscosity

answer

Resistance to motion

question

Density

answer

mass per unit volume

question

Freezing point depression

answer

As salinity increases, Initial freezing temperature of water decreases

question

Conduction

answer

heat applied at one location increases molecular motion; this is passed on to adjacent molecules

question

Convection

answer

density driven; a heated fluid moves and carries its heat to a new location

question

Radiation

answer

direct transmission of heat from its energy source; does not require a medium

question

Attenuation

answer

Decrease in light intensity over distance

question

Salts

answer

Compounds that can break apart into atoms that have opposite charges

question

Salinity

answer

Total quantity of dissolved salt Ocean water is 3.5% salt by weight

question

Ionic bonds

answer

Electrons transferred from a metal atom (Na) to a nonmetal atom (Cl) Creates ions of opposite charge that attract each other Easily broken in water due to polar nature of water molecules

question

Conservative constituents

answer

Cl-, Na+, So42-, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+

question

Non-conservative constituents

answer

Ions that change in concentrations due to biological action

question

Trace elements

answer

Elements present in seawater at less than 1 ppm

question

Residence time

answer

Average time that a substance remains in solution in ocean

question

Principle of constant proportion

answer

Regardless of total salt content, ratio of one major ion to another remains the same at all depths and locations

question

Conductivity

answer

Conductivity of electric current through seawater varies with temperature and salinity

question

Hydrometer

answer

Device used to determine density

question

Refractometer

answer

Light refracted (bent) by seawater as a function of salinity

question

Saturation concentration

answer

Maximum amount of gas that can be held in solution

question

Euphotic zone

answer

Depth to which light penetrates helps define

question

Plant Respiration

answer

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

question

Hypoxic

answer

pertaining to a low level of oxygen

question

anoxic

answer

pertaining to the absence of oxygen

question

Biological pump

answer

Phytoplankton produces ~40% of earth's organic material 90% is recycled in euphotic zone 10% is recycled below euphotic zone or deposited in sediments

question

pH

answer

pH = -log [H+]

question

Nutrients

answer

Ions required for plant growth

question

Organics

answer

Produced and taken up by organisms

question

Secchi disk

answer

A white + black plate-sized disk attached to a rope, that when lowered down into the water measures turbidity.

question

SOFAR

answer

Zone of minimum sound velocity is: (SOund Fixing And Ranging (SOFAR) Channel) Sound produced in this layer cannot escape; bends toward region of minimum speed Travel great distances Used to detect increases in ocean temperature

question

Redfield Ratio

answer

Found that molar ratio of C:N:P in seawater and phytoplankton was similar: 106:16:1 (when nutrients not limiting)

question

Desalination

answer

Process of obtaining fresh water from salt water Change of state (liquid to solid or liquid to vapor) Electrodialysis Ion exchange Reverse osmosis

question

Refraction

answer

Light is bent or refracted when it passes from air to water Affected by salinity, temperature and pressure

question

Sea ice

answer

Formed from seawater When freezing occurs, salts are left behind Cold, salty water sinks and is replaced by less salty water which can freeze

question

Icebergs

answer

Float with only 12% of mass above surface Formed by glaciers

question

Advective fog

answer

Warm air saturated with water vapor moves over colder water

question

Sea smoke

answer

Cold, dry air moves out over warmer water Air picks up water vapor and rises Rising air cooled below dewpoint

question

Radiative fog

answer

Warm, moist air condenses at night forming fog

question

Solar constant

answer

Without atmosphere, the radiation value at the equator would be 2.0 cal/cm2/min

question

Troposphere

answer

Lowest layer Temperature decreases with altitude

question

Tropopause

answer

minimum temperature zone between troposphere and stratosphere Contains jet streams

question

Stratosphere

answer

Layer above troposphere is stratosphere Temperature increases with increasing altitude Contains ozone (03)

question

Greenhouse gases

answer

Carbon dioxide Water vapor Nitrous oxide Methane

question

Convection cells

answer

Warmer, moist (less dense) air rises and cooler, dryer (more dense) air sinks Between these areas, the air that flows horizontally is the wind

question

Coriolis effect

answer

Air parcel moving north is displaced to the east (right) as the difference between the initial eastern velocity and the velocity at the higher latitude An air mass moving south would also be displaced to the east (left)

question

Polar cells

answer

convection cell in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60° N and 60° S and sinks at the poles

question

Ferrel cells

answer

Mid-latitude convection cells that create westerlies between 30 and 60

question

Hadley cells

answer

A large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes, about 30 degrees north or south

question

ITCZ

answer

ITCZ associated with highest surface temperatures Deflected north in summer land warmer Deflected south in winter ocean warmer Wettest latitude on earth

question

Jet stream

answer

High speed winds of upper troposphere Polar jet streams are westerlies (50-60º N and S) Subtropical jet streams are easterlies (30º N and S) Position of jet streams important in determining weather in temperate zone

question

Hurricanes

answer

Most violent storms on Earth Four stages of development Tropical disturbance Tropical depression Tropical storm Tropical cyclone (hurricane) Form near equator over warm ocean waters Pushed to west by trade winds

question

Storm surge

answer

When storm reaches coast water level is raised due to: Elevated dome of water Wind pushing water ahead of storm Normal high tides

question

El Nino (ENSO)

answer

During an El Niño event, surface pressure in Indonesian low is unusually high It moves eastward High pressure replaces it This periodic reversal of high and low pressure regions is called the Southern Oscillation Results in reverse of normal pressure gradient; trade winds weaken or reverse Warm water pushed eastward and accumulates along coast of Americas

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