BIOL-1408 Exam 4 Dr. Reevely – Flashcards
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Which variable will determine the coat color in Himalayan rabbits?
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Both the genetics and environment will determine the coat color
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In a monohybrid cross, how many traits are examined?
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1 Trait
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A cow with black and white patches is produced from a white bull and a black cow. This is an example of
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Codominance
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Cold weather can change what aspect of a Himalayan rabbit?
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Phenotype
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The filled-in squares of a Punnett square represent...
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All possible combinations of gametes based on a cross between the two parents.
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Which of the following is true about an individual with the chromosomes shown in this figure?
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The individual is heterozygous for all traits.
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A homozygous red-eyed female Drosophila mates with a red-eyed male Drosophila. What proportion of the female offspring will have white eyes?
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0%
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Which of the following is an autosomal dominant disorder?
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Huntington's Disease
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Which of the following is an example of a phenotype?
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Freckles
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If the parental genotype is EeWw what are the potential allele combinations that could occur at the end of Meiosis?
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EW, Ew, eW, and ew
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Amy has wavy hair and 6 fingers (an autosomal dominant trait). Which of the following combinations are possible for her parents?
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2 and 4
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Which of the following is NOT true with regard to the law of segregation?
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Each gamete contains 2 genes for each trait.
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An Austrian monk, researched the presence of variations in family members, discovered various combinations of traits are tested by the environment, successful ones are passed on.
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Gregor Mendel
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A test used to determine whether or not an individual with the dominant trait has two dominant factor for a particular trait.
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Testcross
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Law that states each individual has two factors per trait, factors segregate when gamete is created, each gamete has only one factor from each parent, and fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait.
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The Law of Segregation
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Theory that chromosomes are carriers of genetic information.
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Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
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Considered an alternative form of genes; for the most part, determine an individual's traits; occur on homologous chromosomes at the gene locus.
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Alleles
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Law that states each pair of factors assorts independently of the other pair, all possible combinations can occur in the gametes.
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Law of Independent Assortment
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Chart of a family's history in regard to particular genetic trait.
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Pedigree
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Child can be affected when neither parent is affected.
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Autosomal Recessive Disorder
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Child can be unaffected even when parents are heterozygous and therefore affected (Huntington's Disease).
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Autosomal Dominant Disorder
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Disorder where a person lacks the enzymes to convert methemoglobin back to hemoglobin (bluish-purplish skin).
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Methemoglobinemia
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Disorder that is a lethal genetic disorder among Caucasians, chloride ion channel defect causes abnormally thick mucus.
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Disorder the lacks functional homogentisate oygenase gene; accumulation of homogenestic acid turns urine black when exposed to air.
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Alkaptonuria
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Disorder with a single base change in globin gene, makes red blood cells sickle-shaped, leads to poor circulation, anemia, low resistance to infection.
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Sickle Cell Disease
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Sickle-cell disease, Alkaptonuria, Cystic fibrosis,
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Autosomal Recessive Disorders
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Each gamete has how many alleles for each trait?
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1 Allele
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An intermediate result between heterozygote and homozygote traits.
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Incomplete Dominance
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When two traits are represented equally.
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Codominant
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When a trait is governed by 2 or more sets of alleles, each having an effect on phenotype, results in continuous variation.
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Polygenic Inheritance
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The graphic representation of polygenic inheritance traits.
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Bell-Shaped Curve
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When single genes have more than one effect; related to Marfan syndrome, production of abnormal connective tissue.
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Pleiotropy
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Females sexual chromosome pair.
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XX
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Male sexual chromosome pair.
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XY
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When a disorder is inherited from the mother, received from both parents, appears to pass from grandfathers to grandsons (color blindness, muscular dystrophy).
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X-Linked Recessive Disorder
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Characterizes only a few traits, daughters of males affected, affected females can pass.
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X-Linked Dominant Disorder
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Only a few disorders, present only in males and passed to sons but not daughters.
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Y-Linked Disorders
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During recombinant DNA technology which structure is used to cut the DNA at a specific site?
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Restriction Enzymes
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What does the field of proteomics study?
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The structure and function of cellular proteins and how they interact to contribute to traits.
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A(n) ___ is to reproductive cloning as a(n) ___ is to therapeutic cloning.
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clone; specialized cell
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Specialized cells differ from one another because...
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they only express certain genes.
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Bacteria, plants, and animals have all been used to create transgenic forms that are useful in...
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generating pharmaceuticals.
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Why do adult stem cells currently have fewer uses in therapeutic cloning than embryonic stem cells?
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Embryonic stem cells may become any type of cell, whereas adult stem cells may only become a limited number of cell types.
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When DNA fingerprinting is performed, why might an individual possess two different numbers of repeats for the same chromosomal region?
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The individual has different numbers of the same repeated sequence on each homologous chromosome.
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The steps involved in a single PCR cycle, in the correct order, are...
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heat to denature DNA strands, cool to allow primer to anneal and to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.
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Which gene on chromosome 22 is believed to have made a difference in the evolution of humans compared to that of chimpanzees?
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The gene for proper speech development.
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In order to clone adult animals, scientists typically begin with...
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an enucleated egg.
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_____ is the study of the structure and function of cellular proteins and their interactions; _______ may be employed to use computer algorithms to aid this process.
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Proteomics; bioinformatics
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Based on genomic studies, when did a change in gene sequences occur that lead to a change in the way that the brain processes speech?
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between 1 and 6 million years ago
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Which one of the following diseases or disorders has not been treated using gene therapy methods?
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cri du chat syndrome
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Chromosomes for karyotyping are often obtained from a blood sample. Red blood cells, however, cannot be used for this purpose because...
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they lack nuclei.
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What kinds of mutations can be revealed through ultrasound?
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Some chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome, and a few other known inherited disorders.
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Chromosome 7 may lose an end piece resulting in Williams syndrome. This is an example of a(n)...
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deletion.
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A parent has a deletion on one homologue of a pair of chromosomes. What is the probability of this individual's child carrying the same deletion?
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50%
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An embryo produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be tested for genetic disorders prior to implantation. How is this accomplished?
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A single cell is removed from a 6 to 8-celled embryo, and its DNA analyzed with a DNA microarray.
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In hemoglobin, the shift from glutamic acid to valine is considered what type of mutation?
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point mutation
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Which structure is used in the new treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?
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adenovirus
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When a chromosome carrying an inversion undergoes crossing-over...
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two chromatids will carry both a duplication and a deletion, one will contain the inversion, and one will be normal.
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A silent mutation is more likely to occur as a result of...
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a point mutation that does not change the amino acid encoded within the gene.
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A DNA microarray detects...
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mutant gene alleles associated with disease.
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Down syndrome could not be treated by gene therapy because...
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Down syndrome is caused by possessing extra copies of genes of an entire chromosome, and adding more genes would not help.
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Inserting cloned genes into an organism.
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Genetic Engineering
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Contains DNA from 2 or more different organisms.
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Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
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Vehicle used to carry foreign DNA
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Vector
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Process that doubles DNA samples. Amplifies specific DNA sequence and cycles over and over again doubling amount of DNA at each cycle.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
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PCR tool that tolerates high temperatures to allow PCR.
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Thermus Aquaticus
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Process that makes use of repeating noncoding DNA segments, may use PCR to increase sample size.
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DNA Fingerprinting
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What are the two types of coding?
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Reproductive Cloning, Therapeutic Cloning
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The desired end is an individual exactly like the original, used on plants.
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Reproductive Cloning
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When was Dolly cloned?
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March 1997
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The desired end is mature cells for learning more about cell specialization and use in treating human illnesses.
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Therapeutic Cells
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Embryonic stem cells are common for this, adults have limited numbers of cells they can become.
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Methods of Therapeutic Cells
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The use of natural biological systems to create a product.
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Biotechnology
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Organisms that have been genetically engineered.
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Transgenic Organisms
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Cotton, corn, potatoes, soybeans are...
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Transgenic Plants
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Larger fish, cows, and pigs are...
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Transgenic Animals
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The study of genomes of humans and other organisms, both coding and non-coding.
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Genomics
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A 13-year effort that found many small DNA regions vary among individuals, some have extra copies, undetermined effects.
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Human Genome Project
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These provide clues to evolutionary origins, proving humans chimps 98% alike.
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Genome Comparisons
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The study that explores structure and function of cellular proteins and how that interact to produce traits (drug development).
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Proteomics
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The application of computer technologies to study genome and proteome.
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Bioinformatics
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A sec linked blood clotting disorder that usually effects males, is X-linked.
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Hemophyllia
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A gel elctrophyllisis plate tells us what?
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DNA and Matches for DNA
