Biochemistry of the Human Body – Flashcards
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What are chemical elements?
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- Building blocks of matter - substances that cannot be decomposed into simler substances by ordinary chemical
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What is an atom?
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smallest unit of matter and consists of nucleus and electrons
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What is an ion?
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An atom with positive or negative charge
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What is a molecule?
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- smallest particle of a substance that retains chemical and physical properties and composed of two or more atoms - group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces
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What are compounds?
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contains atoms of two or more elements
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What are chemical bonds?
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force that holds atoms of a molecule together
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What are ionic bonds?
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force of attraction that holds ions with opposite charges together
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What are covalent bonds?
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two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them
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What are hydrogen bonds?
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attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules rather than from sharing electrons
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What is matter?
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anything that has mass and occupies space and made up chemical elements
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How many elements are there in the table of elements?
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118
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How many chemical elements occur naturally?
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92
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How are elements recognized?
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by letters derived by first and second letter of its name
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How many chemical elements are found in the human body?
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26
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What percentage of the body weight occurs from four elements?
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96%
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96% of body weight comes from how many elements?
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4
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96% of the body weight comes from 4 elements, what are they?
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(HCON) hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
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What are positively charged atoms called?
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protons
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What are uncharged particles atoms called?
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neutrons
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What is an electron?
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negatively charged particles that move around nucleus
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The electrons move around the nucleus at this specific region, what is it called?
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electron shells
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In an atom of an element, how many number of electrons and protons are there?
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number of electrons equal the number of protons (considered electrically neutral or no charge)
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What is an atomic number?
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number of protons in an atom in the nucleus
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What is an atomic weight?
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total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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What are three types of chemical bonds?
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Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bond
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If an atom gains an electron it becomes _____ and is termed _____?
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negative, anion
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If an atom loses an electron it becomes ______ and is termed ______?
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postive, cation
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What is chemical bonding?
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when an anion and cation combine to form a molecule
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Which of the three types of chemical bond has a low energy bond?
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Ionic bond
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What is an example of an ionic bond?
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table salt
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During covalent bond,
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- shares one, two, or three pair of electrons - electrons circle the nucleus of both atoms spending equal time between both atoms - more stable and more common in the body
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What is an example of hydrogen bond?
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nucleic acid
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What is an ionization?
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when inorganic acid, bases, salts dissolve in water, they dissociate or separate into charged particles
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What are electrolytes?
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ionic compounds that break apart into + and - ions in solution
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What is an acid?
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substance that dissociates into hydrogen ion and anion
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What is a base?
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substance that dissociates into hydroxyl ions and cation
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What is a salt?
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- dissolve in water, dissociates into anions and cations - neither of which is hydrogen or hydroxyl
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What ions are found in the body at higher concentration than other ions in extracelluar fluids?
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sodium and chloride ions
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What are abundant in the intracellular fluids?
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phosphate and potassium
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The more hydrogen ions in the solution the more?
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acidic
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The more hydroxyl ions in the solution the more?
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alkaline
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What is the concept of pH?
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biochemical reactions are extremely sensitive to small changes in acidity or alkalinity of their environment
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What is the range of acidity or alkalinity?
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0-14
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pH is based on the number of _______ in a solution?
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hydrogen ions
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What is the midrange of acidity and alkalinity?
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7 (7.35 - 7.45)
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A one-point change on pH scale represents what in the hydrogen ion concentration?
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10 folds
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What are the three general functions of electrolytes in the body?
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- essential minerals - controls osmosis of water between compartments - maintain acid base balance required for normal cell activities
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Electrolytes have at least ____ ionic bond
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one
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Acids, bases and salts are mostly what type of compounds?
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inorganic
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What happens during concentration of an ion?
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Osmosis occur and water moves to area with greater number of particles in the solution. (electrolytes exerts a greater effect on osmosis than non-electrolytes)
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Concentration of an ion is expression in what?
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mEq/L
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What are the different types of electrolytes found in our body?
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Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca++), Phosphate (HPO4), Magnesium (Mg++)
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Which electrolyte has the most abundant extracellular ion?
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Sodium (Na+)
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What is the purpose of Sodium (Na+)?
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necessary for transmission of impulses in nervous and muscle tissue
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What is hyponatremia?
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low sodium level in normal blood level
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Which electrolyte is easily diffused between intracelluar and extracelluar compartments?
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Chloride (Cl-)
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What is the purpose of Chloride (Cl-)?
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regulates osmotic pressure differences between compartments
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What is hypocholoremia?
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low level of chloride in blood
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What can cause hypocholoremia?
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excessive vomiting, dehydration, certain diuretics
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Where is potassium located within the cell?
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intracellular (K+)
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What is the purpose of potassium (K+) in our body?
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- maintain fluid volume in cells and control pH level - key role in functioning in nerve and and muscle tissue
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What happens when potassium (K+) moves out of the cell?
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it is replaced by sodium (Na+) ions and hydrogen (H+) ions
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What is hypokalemia?
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low level of potassium
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What happens when hydrogen (H+) ions shift?
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helps regulates pH
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Where are calcium (Ca++) stored in the body?
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Stored in bones and teeth and released when needed
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Where is Calcium (Ca++) located within the cell?
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extracellular
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Where is Phosphate (PO4) located within the cell?
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intracellular
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What is the purpose of calcium in our body?
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- blood clotting - neurotransmitter release - muscle contraction - normal heartbeat
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What is the purpose of phosphate in our body?
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synthesis of ATP and buffering reactions
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When is parathyroid hormone (PTH) released?
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when calcium blood level is low
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What is calcitonin (CT)?
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located from thyroid gland, decreases blood level of calcium by stimulating osteoblast and inhibiting osteoclasts thereby removing calcium and phosphate from blood and depositing them in the bone
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What is the purpose of magnesium (Mg++)
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activates enzyme systems needed to produce cellular energy by breakdown of ATP into ADP
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Why is magnesium so important?
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plays a big role for Na+/K+ pump
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What is a buffer system?
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A mechanism that preserve homeostatic pH value in the body
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What is the function of the buffer system?
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react with strong acids/bases in body and replace them with weak acids/bases that can change normal pH values only slightly
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How can strong acids/bases effect pH?
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they ionize easily and contribute many H+ (OH-) ions to a solution and can change pH drastically
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How can weak acids/bases effect pH?
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they do not ionize easily and contribute fewer ions and have little effect on pH
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What is another name for buffers?
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chemical sponges
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What is a buffer?
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chemicals that replace strong acids/bases with weak ones
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What are the most important element found in the extracellular fluid?
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Carbonic Acid (H2C03) and Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
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Sodium Bicarbonate
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NaHCO3 (weak base)
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Carbonic Acid
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H2CO3 (acid)
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If the pH level is threatened by a strong acid what buffer system occurs?
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a weak base goes into operation
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If the pH level is threatened by a strong base, what buffer system occurs?
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a weak acid goes into operation
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What are the 3 major mechanisms essential for homeostasis?
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buffer system, respirations, and kidney excretions
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How does respirations play a role in pH levels?
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- increase in CO2 in body fluids is a result in cell respirations and lower pH - decrease in CO2 raises pH
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Doubling respiration rate increases pH level by how much?
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.23
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Reducing respiration rate by 1/4 decreases pH level by how much?
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.4
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Why is respiratory mechanism important?
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it can eliminate more acid or base than any other buffers combined
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What is anabolism?
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synthetic, energy requiring reactions where small molecules are built into larger ones
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What is catabolism?
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break down complex organic compounds into simple ones with net release of energy
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What is a lipid?
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organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform
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What are examples of lipids?
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triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids
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What does ATP stand for?
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Adenosine triphosphate
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What is ATP?
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it is the main energy currency in cells and transfers chemical energy needed for metabolic reactions
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What is a glycogen?
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highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits
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What is the function of glycogen?
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compact store of glucose molecule in live and muscle fiber (cells)
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What is metabolism?
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- energy balancing act between anabolic and catabolic reaction - refers to chemical reaction in the body
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What is oxidation reaction?
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removal of electron or hydrogen ion from molecules to create new molecules
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What is dehydrogenation reaction?
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biochemical oxidation, loss of hydrogen (H+) atoms
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What is reduction?
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addition of electrons or hydrogen ion to a molecule and results in increase of energy content of molecule
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What occurs during oxidation/reduction reaction?
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- One substance is being oxidized another is being reduced, atom is transferred by coenzyme. - oxidation and reduction are paired reaction with both actions occuring simultaneously
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How are atom transferred?
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coenzyme
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What is another name for break down (protein catabolism) of protein?
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Gluconeogenesis
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After entering the cells, proteins are synthesized into what?
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proteins, enzymes, hormones
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When proteins are broken down, what do they turn into?
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amino acids
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When are proteins broken down?
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during digestion
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What is the last line of energy source in starvation or fasting?
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gluconeogenesis
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Where does absorption process begin?
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ingestion and digestion
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What are carbohydrates?
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primary source of energy in the body
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Fat and lipids are which line of energy source?
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second line and serve as structural components
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Proteins provide what for the body?
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(HEBA) building blocks, enzymes, antibodies, hormones
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Where are carbohydrates absorb in the stomach?
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villi capillaries in stomach and intestinal lining as mono, di, polysaccharides
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What are carbohydrates converted to?
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glucose and provide energy
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After carbohydrates are anabolized to form glycogen where are they stored until needed?
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stored in liver and skeletal muscle
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How are lipids or fats broken down?
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fatty acids and monoglycerides during digestion
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Fats are stored for what reason?
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protection, insulation, and emergency food source in form of adipose tissue
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What are released from adipose tissue to stimulate growth hormone?
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Fat molecules
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Growth hormone breaks down molecules into what?
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glycerol and three fatty acids
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What are vitamins?
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organic nutrient required to maintain growth and hormonal metabolism
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What are two different types of vitamins?
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fat and water soluble
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What are fat soluble vitamins?
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A, D, E, K
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What are water soluble vitamins?
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B, C, biotin, fatty acid
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Where are fat soluble stored?
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stored in cells
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Which type of vitamin is absorbed along with H20 in GI tract and dissolve with body fluids and excreted in the urine?
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Water soluble vitamins
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What is basal metabolic rate (bmr)?
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amount of heat production generated during these chemical reaction
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50-60% energy created by breakdown of food during basal metabolic rate goes where?
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toward ATP production
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40% energy created by breakdown of food during basal metabolic rate goes where?
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released as heat
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How is BMR measured?
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oxygen (O2) consumption
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____ Kcal per liter of heat is produced after O2 consumption
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4.825
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How is BMR expressed in unit?
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Kcal/M2/hr w/ a +/- 15 %
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How can exercise influence BMR?
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15-20 x greater than normal
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How can the nervous system from sympathetic system (fight/flight) will influence BMR?
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10-20 % increase
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How can hormone and thyroid hormone influence BMR?
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raise by 100% , increase in HR, contractility of heart, growth of hormones
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Body temperature by 1 degree celcius rate by chemical reaction increase or influence BMR by?
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10%
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After glycerol changed into glucose through oxidation, where does ketone form?
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liver
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What is a ketone?
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produced by the liver from fatty acids during periods of low food intake or carbohydrate restriction for cells of the body to use as energy instead of glucose
