Biochemistry of Cells Test – Flashcards
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What is the most abundant organic compound on Earth?
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Cellulose
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Besides water, what other substance makes up most of the cell?
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Carbon-based molecules (a.k.a Hydrocarbons)
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Carbon has how many outer electrons?
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Four
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Because carbon has four outer electrons, it can form ___________ bonds by sharing these electrons.
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covalent
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Carbon and hydrogen make up compounds called ______________.
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hydrocarbons
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Sketch a simple hydrocarbon with the formula CH(4). SUBSCRIPT
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H l H-- C -- H l H
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Carbon skeletons may be: 1) ________________ 2) ________________ 3) ________________
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1) Straight chains 2) Branch chains 3) Ring structures
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Hydrocarbons in _____________ supply our bodies with energy.
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Food (More specifically fats)
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What determines the function of an organic molecule?
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The 3-D shape
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______________ _____________ give different properties to the organic ____________ to which they attach.
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Functional groups; compound
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Write the formula for Hydroxyl.
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-OH
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What is the compound for hydroxyl?
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Alcohol
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Hydroxyl groups typically end in what?
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"-ol"
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What is an example of a substance with hydroxyl in it?
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Ethanol
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Write the formula for carbonyl.
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C=0
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What is it called if C=O is at the end of a molecule?
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An aldehyde
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What is it called if C=O is in the middle of a molecule?
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A ketone
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What is this formula an example of and why? H H l l H--C -- C -- C = O l l l H H H
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Aldehyde; Because the C=O is at the end of the molecule.
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What is this formula an example of an why? H O H l l l l H - C -- C -- C l l H H
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Ketone; Because the C=O is in the middle of the molecule.
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What is the formula for a carboxyl group?
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-COOH (C double bonded to O and single bonded to -OH group.)
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What is a compound with a -COOH group called?
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An acid
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Name two examples of acids.
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Fatty acids and amino acids
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What is this an example of? H l H - C -- C = O l l H OH
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A carboxylic acid
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What is the formula for an amino?
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-NH₂ (N attached to 2 H)
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What does -NH₂ act as?
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A base
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__________ picks up H+ from solution
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Ammonia
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What is the compound for an amino group?
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Amines
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Name three examples of organic compounds that hydroxyl is found in?
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1) Sugars 2) Alcohols 3) Water-soluble vitamins
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Name two examples of organic compounds that are found in aldehydes?
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1) Some sugars, formaldehyde 2) Some sugars, urine
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Large organic molecules are called ___________.
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Polymers
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Polymers are built from smaller subunits called ___________.
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monomers
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Biologists call polymers _________________.
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macromolecules
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Name 4 examples of polymers found in living things.
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1) Proteins 2) Lipids 3) Carbohydrates 4) Nucleic Acids
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What are monomers linked together called?
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Polymers
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What is the process of linking monomers together called?
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Dehydration synthesis
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What is another name for "dehydration synthesis"?
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Condensation
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Dehydration synthesis links monomers together by removing molecules of ___________.
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Water
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Name the process used to break down large polymers into smaller monomers.
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Hydrolysis
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What is the definition of hydrolysis?
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Adding a molecule of water to break down large polymers into smaller monomers.
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Hydrolysis involves ___________ a molecule of water in order to break bonds.
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adding
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Name some foods that contain a lot of carbohydrates.
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Pasta, fruit, breads
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________________ are simple sugars.
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Monosaccharides
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Simple sugars have this general formula:
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(CH₂O)n n is a subscript
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What does "n" stand for in this formula?
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How many carbons are in the molecule
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Give an example of a simple sugar and name its formula?
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Hexose (CH₂O)₆ = C₆H₁₂O₆
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Name 5 monosaccharides and give their chemical formula.
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Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose = C₆H₁₂O₆ Ribose and Deoxyribose = C₅H₁₀O₅
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What are glucose, fructose, and galactose all known as?
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Isomers
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Some monosaccharides are called hexose sugars because they contain 6 ____________.
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carbons
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What is a simple sugar made by plants?
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Glucose
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What is known as "milk sugar"?
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Galactose
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What is the sugar found in fruits?
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Fructose
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What are isomers?
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Substances with the same chemical formula, but different structures
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Name two isomers.
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Glucose and fructose
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What does aqueous mean?
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Watery; Dissolves in water
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What happens to monosaccharides when they are put into aqueous solutions inside cells?
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They go into ring structures
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_________________ serve as fuel for cells.
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Monosaccharides
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Saccharide mean __________ ____________.
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double sugar
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What is a double sugar called?
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Disaccharides
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How are disaccharides formed?
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Made by joining two monosaccharides
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Name the BOND that joins monosaccharides.
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a GLYCOSIDIC bond
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What does a glycosidic bond involve?
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Removing a water molecule
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Name three disaccharides.
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Sucrose Lactose Maltose
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What is the common name for sucrose?
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Table sugar
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What is the common name for lactose?
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Milk sugar
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What is the common name for maltose?
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Grain sugar
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Name the simple sugars the make up the disaccharide, "sucrose."
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Glucose + fructose
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Name the simple sugars that makes up maltose.
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2 glucose molecules
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Name the simple sugars that make up lactose.
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Galactose + glucose
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What are complex carbohydrates called?
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Polysaccharides
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Polysaccharides are made of chains of ____________________.
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monosaccharides
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Name 4 examples of polysaccharides.
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Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
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What is the shape of starch, glycogen, and cellulose?
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Linear arrangements of glucose molecules
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What is the shape of chitin?
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Glucose with nitrogen
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Plants store carbohydrate energy as _____________.
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starch
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Name some starchy foods.
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Rice, potatoes, and grains
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Animals store their carbohydrate energy as _____________.
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glycogen
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Where do animals generally store their energy?
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In the liver
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Both starch and glycogen are made of monomers of ______________ or glucose.
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Monosaccharides
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What does cellulose make up in plants?
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Cell walls
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What does cellulose serve as for animals?
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Dietary fibers
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How are cows able to digest cellulose?
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Special bacteria in stomachs
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Chitin is similar to what?
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Cellulose
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What is chitin partly derived from?
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Non-sugars that contain nitrogen
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Chitin is also found in the cell walls of __________.
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fungi
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Since sugars dissolve in water, they are said to be _______________.
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Hydrophilic
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What does hydrophilic mean?
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Water-loving
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Name a substance that is hydrophobic.
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Lipids
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What does hydrophobic mean?
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"Water fearing;" Does not mix with water
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What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?
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2 hydrogens for every oxygen
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How do lipids differ with carbohydrates in regards to Hydrogen to Oxygen ratios?
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More hydrogens than oxygens
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The building blocks of lipids are ___________ and _______________.
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glycerol; fatty acids
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Name four examples of lipids.
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Fats, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids
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What functional group makes sugar water soluble?
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Hydroxyl; -OH group
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What is the function of fats?
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To store energy, to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs.
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What is the function of steroids?
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To give rise to other hormones.
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What is cholesterol?
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A steroid
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Where is cholesterol located?
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In the cell membrane
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What is the function of waxes?
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To prevent dehydration
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What is the function of phospholipids?
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They form the cell membrane
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If the bonds between carbons in a fatty acid are single bonds, the fatty acid is ______________.
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saturated
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If there is a double bond between carbons in a fatty acid, the fatty acid is _______________.
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unsaturated
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What kind of fatty acid is this and why? H H H H l l l l O = C -- C -- C -- C - H l l l l H H H H
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Saturated because there are only single covalent bonds between carbons
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What kind of fatty acid is this and why? H H H H l l l l H - C -- C -- C = C - H l l l l H H H H
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Unsaturated because it has a double covalent bond between carbons.
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What is this? R - C - OH ll O
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The structure of a fatty acid
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What functional group is in the fatty acid?
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-COOH; Carboxyl
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What does the "R" stand for?
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A change in structure
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Triglycerides are made of an alcohol called __________ and ____ _________ _________ chains.
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glycerol; 3 fatty acid
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What forms the backbone of the fat?
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Glycerol
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What is this molecule? OH OH OH l l l H - C ---- C ---- C - H l l l H H H
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Glycerol
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Saturated fatty acids are _________ at room temperature.
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solid
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Name three saturated fatty acids?
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Butter, margarine, and shortening
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Where do saturated fatty acids come from?
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Animals
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Unsaturated fats in plants exist as __________ or _______ at room temperature.
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liquids; oils
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Name three examples of unsaturated fats?
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Olive oil, vegetable oil, canola oil
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What process links the 3 fatty acid chains to the glycerol in lipids?
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Dehydration synthesis
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What lipids are in cell membranes?
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Phospholipids
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Label this phospholipid. ( Polar Head ) l l ---- ---- l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ---- ----
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Polar head - contains phosphate Two strips - Fatty acid tails
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What kind of tails are these?
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Non-polar tails
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Phospholipid heads are ________ a.k.a ___________.
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polar; hydrophilic
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The two tails are ___________ a.k.a ____________ and repel water.
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nonpolar; hydrophobic
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___________ water-proof plants and animals
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Waxes
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What are waxes made up of?
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One long fatty acid joined to a long alcohol chain.
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__________ is the wax found on the surface of humans.
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Keratin
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What are steroids made of?
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Four fused carbon rings
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Name three steroids found in organisms.
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1) Cholesterol 2) Estrogen 3) Testosterone
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Proteins are polymers made of monomers called ________________.
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amino acids
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How many different amino acids are there?
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20
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How many do humans make?
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12
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Where are the other 8 found?
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Foods
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Give three jobs for proteins in cells. a) b) c)
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a) Build cells b) Act as hormones and enzymes c) Do the work of a cell
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Name a type of steroid.
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Anabolic steroids
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Name another type of steroid.
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Catabolic steroids
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What four things are bonded to the central carbon of every amino acid?
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1) Amino group - NH₂ 2) Carboxyl group - COOH 3) Hydrogen - H 4) Side group - R
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What types of substance is this? H H O l l ll N ---- C ---- C - OH l l H R
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Amino acid
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Amino acids are linked together by ___________ ____________ and held together by __________ bonds.
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dehydration synthesis; peptide
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What do many proteins act as?
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Enzymes
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What are enzymes also known as?
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Biological catalysts
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Cells have ___________ of enzymes which may ___________ chemical bonds and __________ the amount of activation needed for the reaction to occur.
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thousands; weaken; lower
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Enzymes have what shape?
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Globular shape
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Where do substrates attach to an enzyme?
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The active site
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When a substrate attaches to the active site it changes its ___________. This is called __________ _______.
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shape; induced fit
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Can enzymes be reused?
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YES
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What is the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein?
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Primary structure
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__________ use primary structure.
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Amino acids
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Protein chains are called _____________.
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polypeptides
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Secondary structure occurs when proteins coil or fold into ___________ ___________ or __________.
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pleated sheets; helixes
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When polypeptides join together, the ______ groups interact with each other forming the ___________ structure of a protein.
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R; tertiary
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What shape do proteins take in the watery environment of a cell?
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Globular shape
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What is it called when chains of proteins attach to each other inside of a cell?
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Quaternary structure
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What is protein shape also known as?
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Protein confirmation
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All proteins have what kinds of structure?
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Primary, secondary, and tertiary
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Proteins only have quaternary structure if they are made up of _______ _________ _____ polypeptide strand.
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more than 1
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____________ found in red blood cells is an example of a protein have quaternary structure.
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Hemoglobin
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How many polypeptide chains does hemoglobin have?
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4
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Denaturing a protein involves changing its ___________, ____________, and/or _____________ structure so it no longer works.
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secondary, tertiary, quaternary
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Denatured proteins still have ___________ structure.
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Primary
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Name two things that denature proteins.
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1) High temperatures 2) Changes in pH
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What causes sickle cell anemia (disease)?
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An amino acid chain that has a substitution in the 6th position.
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What is the function of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells?
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To carry oxygen
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What protein controls blood sugar levels?
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Insulin
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Insulin causes excess sugar to be stored in the _________ as ____________.
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liver; glycogen
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What are receptor proteins?
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Proteins in the cell membrane that help cells recognize similar cells
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What stores hereditary information for making all of the body's _________?
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Nucleic acid; PROTEINS
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Name the two types of nucleic acid.
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Deoxyribose and ribose
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What are the monomers for nucleic acids?
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Nucleotides
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What is this: Base/ / (Phosphate group) ---- / l / l l/ l Sugar ----
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Nucleotide (The base is a nitrogen base)
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Name the 4 bases on DNA.
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Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine
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Which two bases are purines?
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Adenine and Guanine
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What two bases are pyrimidines?
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Thymine and Cytosine
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What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?
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Purines have two fused rings, pyrimidines are single ring structure
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What 2 things make up the sides of DNA?
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2 Nucleotide chains
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DNA is _____________ _________ and coiled to make a shape called the double __________.
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double stranded; helix
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_____________ is the sugar found in DNA.
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Deoxyribose
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In DNA, which two bases always match up?
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Adenine and Thymine Cytosine and Guanine
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RNA has __________ sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar on DNA.
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ribose
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RNA is a __________ stranded molecule unlike double stranded DNA.
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single
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On RNA, the base __________ replaced thymine.
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Uracil (U)
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________ is the cell's energy molecule.
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ATP
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What is this: P-P-P Double fused rings
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Monomer of ATP
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What does ATP stand for?
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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How is the nucleotide monomer for ATP different from the nucleotide monomer for nucleic acids.
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3 phosphate groups instead of 1
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Where is the energy stored in an ATP molecule?
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Chemical bonds (last 2 phosphate groups)
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Which bonds are considered HIGH ENERGY bonds in ATP?
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Last 2 phosphate bond
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When the last phosphate bond is broken, what is released?
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Energy, ADP, and a phosphate
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What is the energy of ATP used for?
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Cellular work
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Besides energy, what two other things are formed when the last phosphate of ATP is broken?
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ADP and a phosphate
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How can ATP be reformed?
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Take ADP and put phosphate group on it.
