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ecology

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the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments

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biotic factors

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All of the organisms in the area. Make up the living component of the environment

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Abiotic factors

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make up the environments nonliving component and include chemical and physical factors, such as temperature, light, water, minerals, and air.

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An organisms habitat includes the _____ and _____ factors of its surroundings

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biotic & abiotic

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________________is concerned with the evolutionary adaptations that enable organisms to meet the challenges posed by their abiotic environments.

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organismal ecology

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_________ concentrates mainly on factors that affect population density and growth.

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population ecology

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_________ involves on how interactions between species, such as predation and competition, affect community structure and organization.

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community ecology

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In _________________, questions concern energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic factors.

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ecosystem ecology

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The most complex level in ecology, the ________ includes the atmosphere to an altitude of several kilometers, the land down to the water-bearing rocks, lakes, caves, etc.

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biosphere

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_____________ from sunlight, captured by chlorophyll during the process of photosynthesis powers most ecosystems.

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solar energy

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_____________ is an important abiotic factor because of its effect on metabolism

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temperature

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Some abiotic factors affect terrestrial, but not aquatic, ecosystems, such as ________

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wind

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Adjusting to environmental variability include

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physiological response, anatomical responses, behavioral responses.

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Example of physiological response

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goose bumps

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A gradual, though still reversible, physiological adjustment that occurs in response to an environmental change is called _________.

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acclimation

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Example of anatomical response

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animals growing a large fur coat before winter

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Example of behavioral responses

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migrating We humans have an especially rich range of behavioral responses available to us

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A ________ biome is a major terrestrial or aquatic life zone

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biome

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Aquatic biomes cover roughly __% of earth's surface

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75%

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What is the largest hierarchical level that global warming affects?

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biosphere

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Which hierarchical level is represented by a survey of students and their habits?

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population

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A scientist is studying how sea slugs respond to predators. Which hierarchical level of ecology does this represent?

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community

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Which of the following options lists the ecological hierarchy in the correct order, from largest to smallest?

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biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

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The study of the interaction of organisms with each other and their environment involves non-living factors, also called _________________, and living factors, which are referred to as __________________.

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abiotic; biotic

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The rising average global temperature is having the greatest effect on the __________.

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northernmost regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Peninsula

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The most inclusive level of organization in nature is the _____.

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biosphere

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If you study how two species of finches compete for food, you are trying to answer a question about _______.

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community ecology

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What level of ecology is concerned with both the biotic and abiotic aspects of an environment?

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ecosystem

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On land, plants depend on the availability of two important inorganic nutrients, which they obtain from the soil: _____ and _____.

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nitrogen ... phosphorus

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What term applies to the physical and physiological changes experienced by astronauts who spend months in space?

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acclimation

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The _____ biome is the largest of Earth's biomes.

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marine

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Benthic zone of aquatic environments

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substrate at the bottom of the body of water

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Where fresh water and salt water mix

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estuary

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What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes?

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temperature and rainfall

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Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth?

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coniferous forest

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Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost?

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tundra

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___________ are dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges.

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rain shadows

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Which of these are the two major sources of nitrate pollution in rivers?

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animal wastes and fertilizers

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Aquatic nitrate pollution can result in _____.

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an algal bloom that, when the algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, leads to hypoxia and the death of fish

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_____ zone is where light reaches organisms in oceans.

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photic zone

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______ zone the light levels are too low to support photosynthesis

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aphotic zone

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open water is known as

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pelagic realm

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go over mastering biology homework 7 number 17

answer

...

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Changes that underlie a loss of biodiversity may also threaten the _________________

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human population

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Natural ecosystem services provide value to the global economy by filtering pollutants from water, preventing erosion, pollinating crop plants, controlling agricultural pests, reducing the impact of floods, and many other ways that are not always obvious. The average estimated annual value of such services is _______

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about equal to the twice the global national product

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Habitat destruction, and thus habitat fragmentation, is the major cause of declining biodiversity; the second major cause is _____.

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invasive species

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In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.

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producers

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An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.

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detritivore

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When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

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secondary consumer

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A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.

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primary consumer

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A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____.

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tertiary consumer

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A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer?

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predation

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Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark?

answer

competition

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Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet?

answer

mutualism

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Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick?

answer

parasitism

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An egret eats insects stirred up by grazing animals. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the egret and the grazing animal?

answer

commensalism

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_____ are secondary consumers

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carnivores

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Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level.

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5-10

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10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer.

answer

10

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What name is given to the process by which detritivores return carbon to the atmosphere?

answer

decomposition

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What removes carbon from the atmosphere?

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algae

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detritus is composed of _________.

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dead organic matter excreted wastes

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Nitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____.

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ammonium.... nitrites

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_____ removes nitrogen from the atmosphere.

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nitrogen fixation

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What is a nitrite? A nitrate?

answer

NO2- NO3-

question

One of the most severe consequences of habitat degradation is the _____ of a population.

answer

fragmentation

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A sink habitat is where a subpopulation's death rate is _____

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greater than its reproductive rate

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Fertilizer runoff can result in _____ a lake.

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the eutrophication of

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_____ is the increase in pesticide concentration as the pesticides pass up a food chain.

answer

Biological magnification

question

The feeding relationships among the various species in a community are referred to as its ____________.

answer

trophic structure

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The sequence of food transfer between trophic levels is called a _________.

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food chain

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______________ is a process in which toxins become concentrated as they pass through a food chain.

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biological magnification

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Two components of species diversity (the variety of species that make up the community) are

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Species richness (the number of different species in the community) and relative abundance (the proportional representation of each species in a community)

question

Two groups of angiosperms are

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monocots and dicots

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A ______ embryo has one seed leaf

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monocot

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A _____ embryo has two seed leaves.

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dicot

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Largest group of dicots is the

answer

eudicots

question

In plant cells, _______ are the sites of photosynthesis.

answer

chloroplasts

question

In leaves, chloroplasts are found in _____.

answer

palisade mesophyll

question

The cells called _____________ perform photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Most abundant type of cell in a typical plant body

answer

parenchyma cells

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The cells called ____________ die as they mature, forming a rigid skeleton that helps support a growing plant.

answer

sclerenchyma cell

question

________ are long, thin water-conducting cells with tapered ends.

answer

Tracheids

question

__________ are shot, wide water-conducting cells.

answer

Vessel elements

question

Food-conducting cells called _______________ are arranged end to end in phloem tissue.

answer

sieve-tube elements

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_______________ is the tissue system that forms a layer of outer protection for the plant.

answer

Dermal tissue system

question

_______________ is the tissue system that forms a long-distance transportation system for the plant.

answer

Vascular tissue system

question

________________ is the tissue system that is the bulk of the plant, containing tissues that do not belong to the other two tissue systems.

answer

Ground tissue system

question

Water-conducting cells form a tissue called that ___________.

answer

xylem

question

Cells that conduct sugars and other nutrients form a tissue called the _______

answer

phloem

question

The ______ are small pores in the dermal tissue system that allow for gas exchange.

answer

stomata

question

______ control the openings of the gas exchanging pores in the dermal tissue system.

answer

Guard cells

question

The ground tissue of a leaf, which is the primary site of photosynthesis, is called ________

answer

mesophyll

question

What is the function of cork?

answer

insulation and waterproofing

question

How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained?

answer

by the division of its cells

question

Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____.

answer

center... surface

question

Fruits evolved primarily as structures specialized to _____.

answer

disperse seeds

question

In flowering plants, the main visible plant body is the _____.

answer

diploid sporophyte

question

What part of a flowering plant develops to form the fruit?

answer

Ovary cells develop to form the fruit

question

What is a seed composed of?

answer

an embryo, the endosperm, and the seed coat.

question

Angiosperms have reproductive structures called _____

answer

flowers

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