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Nonvascular

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Not containing vessels to transport water and nutrients, such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

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Moss

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Primitive non-vascular plant that reproduces through spores, distributes water through diffusion.

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Vascular

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Containing vessels to transport water and nutrients.

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Ferns

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Primitive vascular plant that reproduce with spores.

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Gymnosperms

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seed plant that bears its seeds directly on the surfaces of cones, not enclosed by fruit.

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Angiosperms

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A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary, includes all flowering trees and plants.

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Monocots

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Plants in which one cotelydon forms, have parallel veins, vascular tissue is in random bundles, the flower parts occur in multiples of three, have fibrous roots.

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Dicots/Eudicots

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Plants in which two cotyledon forms, have branching veins, vascular tissue is an an orderly ring, flower parts occur in multiple of four or five, taproots

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Flowers

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seed-bearing structures of angiosperms

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Fruits

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A structure that develops from flower organs, encloses seeds, and fosters seed dispersal in the environment

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Seeds

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Embryonic plant with its own supply of water and nutrients encased within a protective coating.

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Roots

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absorbs water and minerals from the soil and anchors the plant in place.

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Fibrous roots

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Similarly sized roots all branching out from the stem. Primarily in monocots.

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Taproots

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Thicker primary roots with many smaller roots branching out from them, primarily in eudicots.

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Root hairs

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These increase the surface area of the root that is in contact with the soil and do all of the absorption.

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Stems

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provides structural support for the plant, positions leaves so that they can be exposed to sunlight, conducts food and water around the plant.

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Shoots

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The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers

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cuticle

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Shiny, waxy layer that protects all land plants from drying.

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stomata

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the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

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leaf hairs

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hairlike structures that cover the epidermis of certain plants and protect the plants from excessive evaporation

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dermal tissue (vascular plants)

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Covers and protects the surface of the plant

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Epidermal tissue

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single layer of tightly packed, very thing cells that produces a cuticle and makes up the dermal tissue.

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Guard cells

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Specialized cells in the epidermis that help regulate the gases coming into and out of leaves.

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cork cells

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This replaces the epidermis as the plant continues to grow and thicken, cells that contain a thick fatty substance that makes the tissue impermeable to water and resistant to fire and decay (dead)

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Xylem tissue

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Moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem to the leaves where these substances are used in photosynthesis.

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cohesion tension mechanism

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transportation provides the tension (pull). evaporation of water from surfaces of plants.

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phloem

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vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis

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sap

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watery fluid in vascular system with water or sugar in it

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Pressure flow mechanism

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the method by which phloem sap is transported through a plant from a sugar source where sugars are produced to a sugar sink where sugars are used

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Parenchyma (ground tissue)

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Majority of plant tissue, soft flexible tissue found in leaves, flowers, stems, fruits. Workhorses of the plant, stores energy

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Collenchyma (ground tissue)

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Elongated, stringy cells with thickened cell walls, gives flexibility (ex- celery strings)

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Sclerenchyma (ground tissue)

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Cells that are not living when they are mature, make up wood, cell walls contain lignin, very strong.

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Lignin

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One of the chief chemical components in wood

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Nitrogen fixation

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the process of changing free nitrogen gas into a usable form

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Mycorrhizae

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network of hyphae and plant roots that helps plants absorb water and minerals from soil

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Root meristem

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A group of undifferentiated plant cells at the tip of a plant root that can differentiate into mature root tissue.

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shoot meristem

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A group of undifferentiated plant cells at the tip of a plant stem that can differentiate into mature shoot tissues.

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cotelydon

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Structure in the plant embryo, becomes the first leaf of the plant. \"seed leaves\" help to transfer energy, suppy energy for germination

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Apical meristem

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Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length

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lateral meristem

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A layer of cells called cambium that cause a stem or root to become thicker rather than longer when they divide.

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node

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A point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached.

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endosperm

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Nutritive tissue in the seed that can fuel the seeds initial growth.

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leaves

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The primary site of photosynthesis.

Bio Exam 2 Plant Structure

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