Bio chap 11 – Flashcards

In which mitotic phase do the chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begin to form? In which mitotic phase do the chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begin to form? metaphase anaphase prophase telophase

In which mitotic phase are the sister chromatids separated and pulled to opposite poles? In which mitotic phase are the sister chromatids separated and pulled to opposite poles? metaphase telophase anaphase prophase

What is the consequence of missing or defective Rb proteins for cell-cycle regulation? What is the consequence of missing or defective Rb proteins for cell-cycle regulation? E2F is active in the absence of G1 cyclin, resulting in failure of the G1 checkpoint. G1 cyclin is overproduced, resulting in failure of the G1 checkpoint. E2F is inactive in the absence of G1 cyclin, resulting in failure of the G1 checkpoint. E2F is active in the absence of MPF cyclin, resulting in failure of the G2 checkpoint.

Which answer correctly identifies a cell-cycle checkpoint with a criterion for passing it? Which answer correctly identifies a cell-cycle checkpoint with a criterion for passing it? S checkpoint: DNA is undamaged. G2 checkpoint: Chromosomes have replicated successfully. Metaphase checkpoint: DNA is undamaged. G1 checkpoint: Chromosomes have replicated successfully.

Which statement is correct concerning the relationship between chromosomes and genes, chromatin, or sister chromatids? Which statement is correct concerning the relationship between chromosomes and genes, chromatin, or sister chromatids? Genes are the DNA - protein material that make up entire chromosomes. Each unreplicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids. Each replicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids. Chromatin is a length of DNA in a chromosome that codes for a protein or RNA.

MPF, or mitosis-promoting factor, consists of two important cell cycle regulatory proteins called _____. MPF, or mitosis-promoting factor, consists of two important cell cycle regulatory proteins called _____. actin and myosin tubulin and kinetochorin cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) rubisco and ATP synthase

Proteins that degrade cyclin are activated by events that MPF initiates. Why is this important for cell-cycle regulation? Proteins that degrade cyclin are activated by events that MPF initiates. Why is this important for cell-cycle regulation? It results in the increase in cyclin concentration during interphase. It causes MPF activity to increase during M phase. It sets up an oscillation in cyclin concentration. It results in a Cdk concentration that is more or less constant throughout the cell cycle.

Which answer correctly associates a distinctive event in mitosis with the mitotic subphase when it occurs? Which answer correctly associates a distinctive event in mitosis with the mitotic subphase when it occurs? Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate. Prophase: Chromosomes are replicated. Prometaphase: Chromosomes complete their migration to the middle of the cell. Telophase: Chromosomes condense.

What is the difference between a chromatid and a chromosome? What is the difference between a chromatid and a chromosome? Chromosomes are always replicated, whereas chromatids are not. Chromatids consist of DNA, whereas chromosomes consist of proteins. A chromatid is one half of a replicated chromosome, whereas a chromosome consists of DNA wrapped around proteins in a highly organized manner. A chromatid always consists of two linear DNA molecules, whereas a chromosome always consists of just one linear DNA molecule.

Why do gap phases exist in the cell cycle? Why do gap phases exist in the cell cycle? They allow chromosome replication to occur. They allow cells to replicate organelles and manufacture additional cytoplasm. They allow the nuclear envelope to re-form after mitosis. They allow chromosomes to condense prior to mitosis.

Metaphase occurs prior to the splitting of centromeres. It is characterized by _____. Metaphase occurs prior to the splitting of centromeres. It is characterized by _____. separation of sister chromatids aligning of chromosomes on the equator cytokinesis splitting of the centromeres

Mitosis is responsible for what key process in multicellular eukaryotes? Mitosis is responsible for what key process in multicellular eukaryotes? wound repair reproduction growth All of the listed responses are correct.

Two important checkpoints that regulate the cell's progression through the cell cycle are _____. Two important checkpoints that regulate the cell's progression through the cell cycle are _____. G1 and G2 prophase and telophase S and M G1 and S

The defining characteristic of a malignant tumor is that _____. The defining characteristic of a malignant tumor is that _____. its cells cannot cause cancer its cells can spread to other parts of the body it grows in a single location it is benign

Which cytoskeletal proteins are important constituents of the contractile structures that form the cleavage furrows involved in animal cell cytokinesis? Which cytoskeletal proteins are important constituents of the contractile structures that form the cleavage furrows involved in animal cell cytokinesis? tubulin dynein myosin actin

In terms of the relationship between the failure of social controls and cancer, which answer best explains why many cancerous cells have defective forms of the Ras protein? In terms of the relationship between the failure of social controls and cancer, which answer best explains why many cancerous cells have defective forms of the Ras protein? Ras is a tumor suppressor that has become nonfunctional in many cancer cells. Ras inactivates E2F from triggering passage through the G1 checkpoint; many cancer cells have defective forms of Ras that cannot be activated. Ras is part of the signal transduction pathway that triggers G1 cyclin production; many cancer cells have defective forms of Ras that do not become inactivated. Ras is part of the signal transduction pathway that triggers G1 cyclin production; many cancer cells have defective forms of Ras that do not become activated.

During what phase of the cell cycle does the DNA become replicated? During what phase of the cell cycle does the DNA become replicated? M S G2 G1

What two types of defects does a cancerous cell possess? What two types of defects does a cancerous cell possess? Cancerous cells are prevented from dividing and have inhibited growth patterns. Cancerous cells possess defects that make proteins required for cell growth inactive and tumor suppressor genes active. Cancerous cells lack the ability to carry out cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Cancerous cells possess defects that make proteins required for cell growth active and tumor suppressor genes inactive.

The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis is called _____. The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis is called _____. meiosis cytokinesis interphase telophase

The mitotic spindle is a microtubular structure that is involved in _____. The mitotic spindle is a microtubular structure that is involved in _____. triggering the compaction and condensation of chromosomes dissolving the nuclear membrane splitting of the cell (cytokinesis) following mitosis separation of sister chromatids

embryos

meiosis

gametes

mitosis

somatic cell

cytokinesis

asexual reproduction

chromosome

chromatid

centromere

sister chromatids

m phase

interphase

s phase

chromatin

prophase

polar microtubules

kinetochore microtubules

centrosome

centrioles

prometaphase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

cytokinesis

oocyte

MPF

protein kinase

cyclin

cyclin- dependent kinase

negative feedback

metaphase checkpoint

G1

G2

malignant tumor

benign tumors

metaastasis

growth factors

serum

platelates

Rb protein