bio. Anthropology – Flashcards

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Charles Darwin is know for his scientific voyages to the
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Galapagos Islands
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution was based on
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the inheritance of acquired characteristics
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the steps of the scientific method, in proper order, are:
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Hypothesis-Experimentation-Data collection-Supporting or refuting hypothesis
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Anglican Archbishop James Ussher claim;ed to have established the origin of the Earth as
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Sunday, 23 October, 4004 BC
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George Culvier, a famous French anatomist and fossil expert, explained the different fossil creatures found in different layers of the Earth as a result of
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the result of a series of catastrophic event when life was destroyed and replaced by more complex forms
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James Hutton and Charles Lyell both advocated the principle of uniformitarianism, which stated that
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the process that shaped the Earth in the past are the same as those operating today
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Darwin's slow, deliberate process of preparing to publish his new theory was interrupted by his receiving a body of research work stating virtually the same principles, done by
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Alfred Russell Wallace
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According to the Theory of Evolution by Means of Natural Selection, the key concept in understanding how evolution is:
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*All of these are basic concepts in Darwin's theory: -members of a species produce more offspring than will survive and reproduce successfully - characteristics which are advantageous will be more common in succeeding generations -some variations are better adapted to reproduce in the environment -members of a species show variation (not all are exactly the same )
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During Darwin's voyages, he performed detail studies of variation and similarity among species of which animal?
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Finches in the Galapagos
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According to Darwin, the differences between "artificial" selection, or selective breeding and natural selection is that
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natural selection is a result of random processes, while artificial selection is done with a goal in mind (i.e. increasing milk production in cows)
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scientist working on genetic therapies for diseases are working in which genetic field?
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molecular genetics
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Classical or Mendelian genetics involves the study of:
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pedigrees of related individuals
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Behavioral genetics is the study of how:
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genetics influence behavior
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Which of the following is an example of multicultural organism?
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Worms
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a single-celled organism with a nucleus is an example of a:
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eukaryote
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Somatic cells ______
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are the cells of the body that are not gametes
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tissues are comprised of:
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somatic cells
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Mitochondria have their own DNA separate from that within the cell's nucleus. T/F
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True
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Hormones, antibodies, and hemoglobin are all:
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proteins
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Proteins are comprised of long chains of:
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amino acids
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An individual who is homozygous for a gene has
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two of the same alleles for that gene
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Two identical daughter cells result from which process?
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mitosis
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Meiosis results in:
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****=(all of these)**** *gametes *haploid cells *sex cells
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what is the diploid number of human chromosomes?
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46
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the ancient DNA studied is usually mtDNA because mtDNA:
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is so abundant
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structural genes___
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****=(All of these)**** -may be similar across species -are surrounded by regulatory regions -contain information to make proteins
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in some cases, the ____ interacts with factors in the environment to create a ____
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genotype, phenotype
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which of the following best defines the term genotype?
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the actual alleles an organism carries
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the observable physical features of an organism comprise its:
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phenotype
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A recessive allele_____
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needs to be present on both chromosomes to be expressed
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An allele that needs to be present on only one chromosomal locus to be expressed is called a:
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dominant
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which of the following best describes Mendel's Law of Segregation?
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Chromosomes randomly segregate into sex cells
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Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment indicates that:
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segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently
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mutation during meiosis are especially important because they:
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are inherited
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A point mutation occurs when ____ is changed
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a single base in a gene
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which of the following is true of sickle cell disease?
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=(all of these) -it damages the spleen -it shortens the life span of red blood cells -it causes blood cells to clump together in small blood vessels
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the vast majority of mutations are probably:
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neutral
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Mutations often have little phenotypic effect because:
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****=(all of these)**** -codon changes are often insignificant -they often occur in non-coding regions -proteins can withstand minor amino acids variations
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The _____ chromosome is larger
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X
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traits that occur as a continuum in a population are likely due to
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polygenic inheritance
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where do new variations come from?
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****=(all of these)**** -point mutation -changes in the genetic material -chromosomal mutaions
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Evolution by natural selection works directly on ____, transforming _____
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individuals, populations
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The process of stabilizing selection results in:
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keeping a population uniform
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when populations migrate, their genes' are experiencing:
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gene flow
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a change in the frequency of a gene in a population over time due to entirely random factors is called:
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genetic drift
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the difference in size, shape, or color between the sexes within a species is referred to as:
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sexual dimorphism
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features that are homologous are similar due to:
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shared evolutionary history
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parallel evolution results in:
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analogous traits
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organisms are composed on both ancestral and derived characters. T/F
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True
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A species' derived characters are:
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what distinguishes it from other related species
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A scientist working mostly with fossils is likely to use which species concept?
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evolutionary
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Recent genetic studies of gorillas have revealed
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a surprising amount of genetic diversity
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geography separation is an important factor in ___ speciation
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allopatric
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Gradualism asserts that:
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species slowly transform into other species
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Macroevolution and punctuated equilibrium help explain
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gradualism
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Which of the following best defines anthropology?
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the study of humankind in all its forms
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According to biological anthropology, humans are primates and are the products of millions of years of evolution by natural selection.
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True
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The study of the skeleton is known as
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Osteology
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A paleoanthropologist is likely to study:
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the fossil remains of humankind and its ancestors
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Forensic anthropologists study:
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the identification of skeletal remains and the means by which individuals have died
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Which of the following species were not used as examples by Charles Darwin in his discussions of natural selection?
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Giraffes
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Which of the following areas of study have contributed to the modern, or Synthetic Theory of Evolution?
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****(All of these)**** -DNA research -Genetics -Taxonomy
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Gregor Mendel, the "Father of Genetics," studied which organisms in his famous breeding experiments?
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Garden peas
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Classical geneticists focus more on __________ than __________.
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traits, molecules
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The basic building block of life is the __________.
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cell
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The __________ are directly involved in reproduction
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gametes
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In most eukaryotic cells, the most prominent structure is the
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nucleus
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The two main functions of DNA are
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protein synthesis and cell reproduction
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Mitochondria have their own DNA separate from that within the cell's nucleus
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True
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Virtually every cell of the body contains the same copy of DNA.
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True
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Permanent changes in the DNA of a cell are called mutations.
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True
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An individual who is homozygous for a gene has
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two of the same alleles for that gene
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In some cases, the __________ interacts with factors in the environment to create a __________
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genotype, phenotype
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Which of the following best defines the term genotype?
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the actual alleles an organism carries
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The observable physical features of an organism comprise its
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phenotype
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An allele that needs to be present on only one chromosomal locus to be expressed is called a _________ allele
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dominant
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Mutations during meiosis are especially important because they
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are inherited
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Genetic mutations can never be good
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False
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Females are usually only carriers of X-linked disorders
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True
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Traits that occur as a continuum in a population are likely to be due to
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polygenic inheritance
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Natural selection works on the __________ of an individual organism
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phenotype
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When populations migrate, their genes are experiencing
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gene flow
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A change in the frequency of a gene in a population over time due to entirely random factors is called
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genetic drift
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Which of the following best defines the concept of analogous traits?
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traits shared due to convergent evolution
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Which of the following best defines the concept of ancestral characters?
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traits shared between species due to a shared evolutionary history
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