BIO 6 Denise lim Cabrillo college – Flashcards
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Coccus |
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Spherical |
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Diplococci |
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paired spheres |
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streptococci |
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chain-links/strands of spheres |
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tetrads |
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four spheres in one plane |
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sarcinae |
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8 spheres in cubic structure |
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staphylococci |
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Clumps of spheres |
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Bacillus |
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rod-shaped |
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diplobacilli |
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pairs of rod shaped cells, end to end |
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streptobacilli |
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chain-links/strands of rods |
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coccbacilli |
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cells in between spherical and rod-shaped |
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vibrio |
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curvy, like a comma |
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spirillum |
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corkscrew shaped, NOT wormlike |
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spirochete |
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corkscrew shaped, wormlike |
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cell wall (3 functions) |
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-rigid -protective - prevents osmotic lysis -vulnerable to some antibiotics |
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primary structure of gram postive cell wall |
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-thick layer peptidoglycan |
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peptidoglycan is made up of |
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mainly carbohydrates with some proteins |
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structure of peptidoglycan |
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carbohydrate rods cross linkes with short polypeptide (protein) chains; like woven fabric or chain link fence |
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Gram positive cell wall stains what color? |
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purple |
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how do gram positive and gram negative cell structures get their name? |
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staining technique |
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structure of gram negative cell wall (2) |
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-outer membrane -thin layer of peptidoglycan |
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The outer membrane of a gram negative cell wall has these components (3) |
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-lipoprotein |
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Gram negative cell wall stains what color? |
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pink/orange |
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Types of cell walls (not gram positive or gram negative) (3) |
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-Acid fast -archaea -wall-less |
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Name two types of glycocalyx |
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-slime -capsule |
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4 functions of gylcocalyx |
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-attachment/stickiness -protection from phagocytosis and desiccation -emergency nutrient source -prevents loss of nutrients |
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Tail-like protuberance for motility |
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flagella |
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monotrichous |
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one polar flagella |
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lophotichous |
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two or more flagella at one end |
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amphitrichous |
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tuft of flagella at each end of the cell |
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peritrichous |
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flagella all around the cell |
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atrichous |
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without flagella |
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endoflagella |
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flagella inside a sheath (like spirochetes' axial filaments) |
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2 parts of the flagella (structure) |
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-hook -filament |
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Bacterial movement is called |
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bacterial taxis |
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bacterial taxis happens via |
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run and tumble |
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aerotaxis |
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bacterial movement triggered by oxygen sensing |
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chemotaxis |
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bacterial movement triggered by chemical sensing |
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phototaxis |
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bacterial movement triggered by light sensing |
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magnetotaxis |
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bacterial movement triggered by electromagnetic sensing |
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axial filaments create which motion |
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corkscrew |
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axial filaments are found on what kind of bacteria shape |
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spirochetes |
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how do axial filaments differ from flagella? (2) |
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-axial filaments are under an outer sheath -they are found on spirochetes |
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primary function of pili |
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transfer DNA from one bacteria to another (sex pilus) |
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2 secondary functions of pili |
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-aids motility -attachment between two cells |
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f-plasmid |
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-fertility = F -a non-chromosomal bit of genetic material that allows a bacterial cell to form a sex pilus and transfer genetic material to other bacterial cells |
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fimbriae function |
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-attachment between cells and host (improves ability to colonize) |
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plasma membrane function (4) |
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-selective permeability -site of respiratory enzymes -site of photosynthetic pigments and enzymes -some antibiotics act here |
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plasma membrance structure (2) |
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-phospholipid bilayer -membrane proteins |
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phospholipid bilayer function |
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barrier to water soluble molecules |
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what can pass through plasma membrane/phospholipid bilayer? (2) |
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-fat soluble molecules -small molecules (water) |
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name the functions of proteins in the lipid bilayer (2) |
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-transport proteins -receptors |
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3 types of passive transport |
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-simple diffusion -facilitated diffusion -osmosis |
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osmosis |
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water moving from low solute to high solute |
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simple diffusion |
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solute moves from high concentration to low concentration (in a cell only fat soluble molecules can cross lipid bilayer) |
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facilitated diffusion |
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solute moves from high concentration to low concentration (but in a cell needs a transport protein to get across lipid bilayer) |
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hypotonic |
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solution outside cell is lower concentration; fluid moves into the cell |
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hypertonic |
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solution outside cell is higher concentration; fluid moves out of the cell |
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isotonic |
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solution inside and outside the cell are at equal concentrations |
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plasmolysis |
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-caused by hypertonicity -plasma membrane shrinks away from cell wall |
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active transport |
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-moving from low concentration to high concentration -requires a protein pump -requires energy |
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nucleoid |
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the area of the cell with genetic material; has no membrane |
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bacterial chromosome is part of what organelle |
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nucleoid |
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Where is the DNA in bacteria stored |
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on the chromosome in the nucleoid |
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plasmid |
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contains non-essential genetic material |
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ribosomes function |
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synthesizes protein |
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ribosome structure |
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made up of two subunits |
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metachromatic granules |
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inclusion storing phosphate |
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carboxysomes |
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inclusion containing CO2 fixing enzyme |
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gas vacuoles |
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inclusion providing bouyancy in water |
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magnetosomes |
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inclusion creating electromagnetism |
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endospores |
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protective dormant genetic spores that survive hostile environments for the survival of the species. |
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endospores are formed by: |
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duplicate DNA segregates to one part of the cell, which gets surrounded by a separate plasma membrane and then peptidoglycan creates a protective coating for when cell dies |
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anabolic processes |
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metabolism requiring energy input |
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catabolic processes |
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metabolism creating energy output |
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examples of anabolic processes |
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-synthesis of large molecules within the cell -active transport -movement |
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examples of catabolic processes |
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-degradation of large molecules for fuel |
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metabolism requires |
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energy (ATP) |
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endergonic |
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reactions that store energy |
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exergonic |
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reactions that release energy |
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substrate level phosphorylation |
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transfer of phosphate from one molecule to another -endergonic |
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oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) |
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transfer of electrons from higher to lower energy level |
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enzymes are integral to metabolism because |
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they lower activation energy for reactions |
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prokaryote characteristics (2) |
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-no internal membranes/organelles -single cell organisms |
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eukaryote characteristics (2) |
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-has internal membranes/organelles -multi cell organisms |
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element (2) |
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-pure chemical substance -# of atoms is # of protons |
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atom (2) |
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-has nucleus with neutrons and protons -has electrons in shells |
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proton |
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positively charged subatomic particle |
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electron |
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negatively charged subatomic particle -has kinetic energy |
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neutron |
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neutrally charged subatomic particle -change # of neutrons to create isotopes |
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which subatomic particle has kinetic energy? |
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electron |
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ion |
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charged particle |
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anion |
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negatively charged ion |
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cation |
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postively charged ion |
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covalent bonds (2) |
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-atoms share electrons -each pair of electrons creates one bond |
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ionic bonds (3) |
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-ions are attracted to each other because of opposite charges -form crystals -broken down by water because it is polar |
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which type of bonds are broken by water |
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ionic |
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hydrogen bonds |
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-happen between polar molecules -temporary/weak bonds |
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pH |
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measurement of H+ concentration |
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How do acids preserve food? |
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high H+ concentration disrupts hydrogen bonding and destroys protein shape |
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hydrophobic |
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fat soluble |
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hydrophilic |
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water soluble |
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amphipathic |
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part of the molecule is hydrophobic, part of the molecule is hydrophilic |
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inorganic molecules |
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no C-H bonds |
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organic molecules |
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have C-H bonds |
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monomers |
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single molecule |
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polymers |
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multiple molecules joined together |
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breakdown of polymers into monomers |
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hydrolysis; water splits apart and polymer splits apart, parts reassemble into several simpler molecules |
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formation of polymers |
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dehydration synthesis; water released |
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carbohydrate formula |
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n(CH2O) |
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carbohydrate function (2) |
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-energy storage -structure |
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carbohydrate monomer |
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monosaccharide |
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carbohydrate polymer |
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polysaccharide |
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3 simple monosaccharides |
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-glucose -fructose -galactose |
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3 disaccharides |
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-sucrose -maltose -lactose |
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3 polysaccharides |
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-starch -glycogen -cellulose |
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starch |
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-found in plants |
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glycogen |
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found in animal tissues |
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peptidoglycan |
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structural component of bacterial cell wall |
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lipids structure |
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long chain hydrocarbons |
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lipid function (2) |
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-energy storage -structure (cell membranes) |
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lipid monomer |
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fatty acid |
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lipid polymers (2) |
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-triglycerides -phospholipids |
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saturated fat (3) |
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-all C-C bonds are single bonds -fatty acids are straight -form solids at room temperature bc they stack well |
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unsaturated fat (3) |
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-C-C chain contains double bonds -fatty acids are bent from double bonds -form liquids are room temperature |
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triglyceride structure |
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three fatty acids linked to glycerol |
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phospholipid structure (2) |
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-2 fatty acid chains are hydrophobic -phosphate is hydrophilic |
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phospholipid function (3) |
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-plasma membrane -lipid bilayer -outer membrane of gram negative cell walls |
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protein function (4) |
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-structure -enzymes -functional proteins -energy |
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protein monomers |
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amino acid |
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protein polymers |
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peptides or proteins |
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amino acid structure (4) |
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-Amine group (NH2) -carboxylic acid (COOH) -H atom -R group |
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protein structure (primary) |
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polypeptide strand (amino acid sequence) |
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protein structure (secondary) |
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-folding of peptide chain in a portion of a protein -involves H-bonding -helix (coil, has give) OR pleated sheet (tensile strength) |
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protein structure (tertiary) |
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3D folding of full protein -includes intramolecular bonds -disulfide bonds; ionic bonds; hydrophophic interactions |
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protein structure (quarternary) |
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two or more complete proteins bonding to each other -includes intermolecular bonds like H bonds |
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Nucleic acid monomer |
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nucleotide |
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Nucleic acids function (2) |
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-information (DNA, RNA) -energy (ATP) |
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Nucleic acid polymer |
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DNA, RNA |
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Nucleic acid structure (3) |
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-sugar -phosphate -nitrogenous base |
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DNA nitrogenous bases |
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A, T, C, G |
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RNA nitrogenous bases |
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A, U, C, G |
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sugar-phosphate backbone |
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the structure of DNA/RNA, with nitrogenous bases attached that give genetic information |
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DNA structure (3) |
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-sugar-phosphate backbone -nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G) -double stranded helix |
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RNA structure (3) |
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-sugar-phosphate backbone -nitrogenous bases (A, U, C, G) -single genes |
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RNA function |
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-copy proteins |
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ATP |
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adenosine triphosphate |