Bio 2040 – Flashcard
58 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 58question
Infectious Mononucleosis
answer
- Infection of lymphocytes - Signs and Symptoms: Fever, headache, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue -Diagnosed by blood test - Treated with rest and good nutrition
Unlock the answer
question
Anemia
answer
- Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity due to inadequate number of red blood cells or inadequate hemoglobin - Signs & Symptoms: paleness, headache, fatigue, dizziness, heart palpitations, difficulty breathing
Unlock the answer
question
Iron Deficiency Anemia
answer
Caused by an inadequate intake of dietary iron
Unlock the answer
question
Hemorrhagic Anemia
answer
caused by blood loss
Unlock the answer
question
Pernicious Anemia
answer
caused by vitamin B12 deficiency
Unlock the answer
question
Hemolytic Anemia
answer
caused by destruction of RBCs
Unlock the answer
question
Anemia due to Renal failure
answer
inadequate erythyopoietin secretion
Unlock the answer
question
Thrombocytopenia
answer
- A reduction in the number of platelets in blood - Can occur due to viral infection, anemia, leukemia, other blood disorders, exposure to X-Rays or radiation - Symptoms: Easy bruising. bleeding, nosebleeds, bleeding in mouth, blood in urine, and heavy menstrual periods
Unlock the answer
question
Malaria
answer
- Caused by protist parasite plasmodium - Spread by Anopheles mosquito - Signs and Symptoms: Fever, chills, headache, vomiting, anemia, weakness, fatigue, jaundice -Treated with medications
Unlock the answer
question
Aneursym
answer
-Ballooning of arterial wall -often symptom-less until they erupt -May be detected by careful screening and surgically repaired
Unlock the answer
question
Varicose Veins
answer
- Permanently dilated veins, often caused by improperly functioning venous veins - Most common in legs and feet - Treated by injecting an irritating solution that shrivels the vessels and makes them less visible
Unlock the answer
question
Heart Murmurs
answer
- An abnormality of the rhythm or rate of heart beat - Treated with EKGs, medications, insertion of artificial pacemaker
Unlock the answer
question
Tachycardia
answer
- A rapid heart rate of over 100 beats per minute
Unlock the answer
question
Ventricular Fibrillation
answer
-A rapid irregular heart ventricular contraction - cannot pump blood from ventricles -A strong electrical current applied to the chest stops fibrillation and allows normal rhythm to be restored
Unlock the answer
question
Atherosclerosis
answer
- A thickening or an arterial vessel wall due to build up of fatty materials containing cholesterol -Left untreated can lead to heart attacks, strokes, aneurysms - Risk factors: obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high-fat diet, smoking
Unlock the answer
question
Angina Pectoris
answer
- Sensation of severe pain and tightness in the chest caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart - Symptoms: pain & tightness in chest, shortness of breath, a feeling of choking or suffocating -Diagnosed with angiograph
Unlock the answer
question
Mycardial Infraction
answer
-Impaired blood flow to the heart -Causing sudden death of area of heart tissue due to oxygen starvation -Symptoms: chest pain, discomfort, pressure, squeezing, discomfort, in other areas of upper body: neck, jaw, shoulder back; shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, light-headedness - Treatment: clot dissolving drugs
Unlock the answer
question
Congestive Heart Failure
answer
-Heart muscle becomes weaker, less efficient - Blood backs up in veins -Pumping efficiency of the heart becomes impaired -Signs and symptoms: Trouble breathing, shortness of breath, swollen ankles and legs, swollen neck veins, weight gain due to extra fluid - Treatment: mild exercise, resting and elevating feet
Unlock the answer
question
Embolism
answer
-Sudden blockage of a blood vessel
Unlock the answer
question
Stroke
answer
- Damage to part of the brain due to interrupted blood supply - 2 most common causes: 1. an embolism blocking a vessel 2. rupture of cerebral artery -Symptoms: weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, fainting, inability to speak or slurred speech, difficult in understanding speech, impaired vision, headache, nausea, sudden loss of coordination -Treatment: clot dissolving drugs, embolectomy
Unlock the answer
question
Huntington Disease
answer
- Dominant lethal allele - Always expressed - Develops later in life (age 35-45 years), after reproducing - A degenerative disease of the nervous system - Physical and mental disability -Allele on chromosome 4
Unlock the answer
question
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
answer
-Gene mutation on chromosome 12 -Don't have enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase -Impairment of mental development, slow growth rate -short life span - Individuals cannot use aspartame
Unlock the answer
question
Cystic Fibrosis
answer
- The normal ____ gene cosed for a transporter protein that transports chloride ions across the plasma membrane -A mutation in this gene causes it to code for a defective transporter protein -This causes a salt imbalance that affects water levels outside the cell - People have sticky, thick mucus in lungs, pancreas, reproductive organs -In the pancreas the mucus blocks ducts carrying enzymes to the small intestine -Must take artificial enzymes as pills -Signs and Symptoms: coughing, wheezing, pneumonia, poor weight gain
Unlock the answer
question
Williams Syndrome
answer
-Deletion of 23 genes on the long arm of chromosome 7 -Elfin face - Unusually cheerful - At ease with strangers - Developmental delay - Strong language skills and musical ability - Gene for protein elastin missing - Heart defects
Unlock the answer
question
Cri-du-chat Syndrome
answer
-Loss of a small region near the tip of chromosome 5 - Malformed larnyx, cry sounds like kitten -Affects mental and physical development
Unlock the answer
question
Down Syndrome (trisomy 21)
answer
-Three copies of chromosome 21 -Short with round face -Delay in physical and intellectual development -friendly, cheerful, affectionate - prone to heart and repsiratory disorders
Unlock the answer
question
Strep Throat
answer
-Caused by pathogen streptococcus pyogens -Signs and symptoms: Local inflammation, red, sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, pus containing abscesses on tonsils - Treated with antibiotics
Unlock the answer
question
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
answer
-Results from reciprocal translocation that happens during mitosis of cells that will become white blood cells -There is an exchange of a large portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9. - Abnormally long chromosome 9 -Abnormally short chromosome 22 -Chimeric gene an oncogene - abnormal protein that causes that cancer process
Unlock the answer
question
Pneumonia
answer
-When the lungs become inflamed because of an infection -Caused by streptococcus pneumoniae -Signs and Symptoms: (sudden onset) high fever, blood in sputum, chest pain, breathing difficulty, cough -Treated with: Penicillin/Erythromycin
Unlock the answer
question
Tuberculosis
answer
-Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis -Transmitted by airborne droplets: coughing, sneezing -Signs and symptoms: Coughing (sometimes with blood), chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, night sweats, weight loss, extreme loss of energy - treated with 3-4 drugs for 6 months or more, patient in isolation
Unlock the answer
question
Meningitis
answer
-An inflammation of the meninges. 3 membranes that cover and protect the central nervous system - the brain and the spinal cord - Spread by respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing, -Disease starts as throat infection -Signs and symptoms: Sore throat, fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, rash, nausea, convulsions -Diagnosis: signs and symptoms, spinal tap to remove sample of CSF, look for bacteria -Treatment: antibiotics, contacts are also treated, vaccines
Unlock the answer
question
Gonorrhea
answer
-Sexually transmitted disease -Signs and symptoms: Males: painful urination and discharge of pus from urethra. Females: burning during urination, vaginal discharge -Treated with antibiotics -Long term consequences: scarring of the uterine tubes, sterility, ectopic pregnancies
Unlock the answer
question
Lyme Disease
answer
-Caused by Borrelia burgdoferi -Spread by the bite of infected ticks -Signs and symptoms: phase 1: expanding rash at the bite site, fever, chills, fatigue, muscle/joint pains phase 2: irregular heartbeat, facial paralysis, meningitis, extreme fatigue, memory loss phase 3: arthritis due to immune response -Diagnosis: signs and symptoms, detection of antibodies -treated with antibiotics
Unlock the answer
question
Influenza
answer
-Droplets enter the the body via respiratory tract and infect epithelial cells of lungs -Signs and symptoms: chills, fever, headache, general muscular aches, coughing
Unlock the answer
question
Dengue
answer
-Geographically occurs in the Caribbean and other tropical, subtropical places -Caused by a virus -Transmitted by Aedes mosquito -Signs and symptoms: phase 1: a week with high fever, weakness, swelling of extremities, severe pain in head, back and muscles Second phase: return of fever and a bright red rash
Unlock the answer
question
Severe Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
answer
-Reinfection with the ______ virus -Hyperimmune response -Inflammatory cytokines released by activated memory T cells causes rupture of blood vessels, internal bleeding, shock, possibly death
Unlock the answer
question
Zika Virus
answer
-Geographically found in Africa, Asia, central and south america, Caribbean, Mexico -Transmitted by the aedes mosquito -Signs and Symptoms: rash starts on face and spreads to body, muscle/joint pain, possible swilling of smaller joints in hands and feet, red eyes, pain behind eyes, headache, weakness -Major concern for newborns, causes microcephaly
Unlock the answer
question
Basal Cell carcinoma
answer
-pink/flesh colored bump -sometimes bleeds or crusts -rarely metastasizes -should be removed
Unlock the answer
question
Squamous cell carcinoma
answer
-pink scaly patches -may ulcerate, crust -metastasizes slowly -should be removed
Unlock the answer
question
Malignant Melanoma
answer
-least common -most deadly as it metastasizes - arises from abnormal melanocytes -use ABCDE rule -Look also for itchiness, bleeding, oozing, scaliness
Unlock the answer
question
Leukemia
answer
-Cancer of immature white blood cells in bone marrow - 2 major categories: Acute (develops quickly), chronic -Possible causes of original mutation: viral infection, environmental factors, genetic factors -Interferes with the production of WBCs and RBCs and platelets -Diagnosis: Blood tests, bone biopsy -Treatment: bone marrow transplant to provide new stem cells, radiation, chemotherapy
Unlock the answer
question
Breast Cancer
answer
-cancer may start in ducts or glands -Heritable mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are strongly associated with this cancer -Treatments: Radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, biological therapy, surgery
Unlock the answer
question
Colon and Rectal Cancer
answer
-Signs: blood in stool, rectal bleeding -Risk factors: family history, smoking, high-fat diet, low fiber diet, sedentary lifestyle -Starts as polyps (benign growths) which gradually become malignant -Screening tests can detect cancer early: detection of blood in stool specimens , colonoscopy -Treatment: polyp removal, tumor removal
Unlock the answer
question
HIV
answer
-Targets helper T cells -transmitted by blood, semen, sexual contact, breast milk, vaginal secretions, contaminated hypodermic syringes -Signs and symptoms: phase 1: swollen lymph nodes, fever chills, fatigue, body aches phase 2: decline in helper T cells phase 3: Helper T cell count is less than 200 per cubic mm of blood. patient is susceptible to opportunistic and rare infections and cancers
Unlock the answer
question
Allergy
answer
-An overzealous immune response to an otherwise harmless substance
Unlock the answer
question
Multiple Sclerosis
answer
-Affects neurons in brain and spinal cord -Symptoms: fatigue, muscle weakness, visual impairment to severe paralysis
Unlock the answer
question
Rheumatoid Arthritis
answer
-inflammation of the synovial membrane that lines certain joints. Affects fingers toes, wrists -Symptoms: fatigue, joint pain and stiffness
Unlock the answer
question
Lupus
answer
-connective tissue is attacked, affects skins, heart, blood vessels, lungs, kidneys, joints, brain -Symptoms: Red rash on face, joint and muscle pain, kidney problems, fever, fatigue
Unlock the answer
question
I Cell Disease
answer
-A rare genetic disorder -Failure of lysosomal enzymes to be incorporated in lysosomes -There is a build up of inclusions and cells have an abnormal structure -Affects skeletal structure, joints, heart valves -Causes severe impairment of growth
Unlock the answer
question
Zellwegger Syndrome
answer
-Congenital disorder - Reduction or absence of peroxisomes which ride the body of toxic substances in liver, kidneys, brain -Causes enlarged liver, high blood copper and iron, neurological impairment: blindness, deafness, seizures, developmental delay
Unlock the answer
question
Lactose Intolerance
answer
-Signs and symptoms: nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, diarrhea -Diagnosed with a hydrogen breath test -Treatments: avoid foods with lactose, consume enzyme pill before consuming these foods
Unlock the answer
question
Irritable Bowel Sydnrome
answer
-Signs and symptoms: Abdominal pain, nausea, cramps, diarrhea, constipation -Treatments: diet: regular small meals. avoid certain foods, medications
Unlock the answer
question
Crohn's Disease
answer
-Signs and symptoms: weight loss, abdominal pain, anemia, fatigue, fever -Diagnosed with a colonoscopy -Treatment: remission, nutrition & diet, surgery, vitamin B12 supplements
Unlock the answer
question
Hepatitis
answer
-Signs and symptoms: jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea -Vaccines are available -Inflamed liver
Unlock the answer
