question

The analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relatedness of both extant and extinct organisms is called __________.

answer

systematics

question

What is the focus of the branch of biology called taxonomy?

answer

the classification of life-forms by their similarities and differences

question

The binomial system assigns to each organism a unique name that describes its __________.

answer

genus and species

question

The two-part format of the scientific name, referred to as binomial, ensures that __________.

answer

All of the listed responses are correct.

question

Which of the following is the correct taxonomic name for the African forest elephant?

answer

Loxodonta cyclotis (italics)

question

A taxon __________.

answer

is a formal grouping at any given level

question

Rabbits and guinea pigs both belong to class Mammalia. This means they must also both belong to __________. (eText Concept 26.1)

answer

phylum Chordata

question

Species A and species B are in the same phylum. Species A and species C, but not species B, are in the same order. From this information you can conclude that __________.

answer

species C could be in the same class as species A and B

question

What does a branch point in a phylogenetic tree represent?

answer

A branch point represents a point at which two evolutionary lineages split from a common ancestor.

question

Which of the following methods to establish phylogenetic relationships among organisms has been developed most recently

answer

comparing the amino acid sequences of proteins and nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids

question

The wings of a hummingbird and the wings of a bee are __________.

answer

analogous

question

Which of the following would be the LEAST useful in determining the relationships among various species?

answer

analogous structures

question

Researchers can use molecular homologies to __________.

answer

reveal the number of mutations in a particular sequence that has occurred in each species since they diverged from a common ancestor

question

A phylogenetic tree of bird families constructed by cladistic analysis would be a hypothesis about which of the following?

answer

evolutionary relationships among bird families

question

Many researchers who study the kingdom Protista argue that all of these organisms should NOT be placed in the same kingdom, because these organisms could not have evolved from a common ancestor. In other words, they argue that the kingdom Protista is __________.

answer

polyphyletic

question

Using cladistic analysis, a taxonomist wishes to construct a phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among various species of mammals. Which of the following would be the LEAST useful for this purpose?

answer

the fact that all mammals have hair

question

Which statement below is true about an outgroup? (eText Concept 26.3)

answer

The outgroup should be from a lineage known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the ingroup.

question

Unlike a regular phylogenetic tree, phylogenetic trees with branch lengths proportional to time can be used to __________.

answer

represent the chronological time that has passed since two groups diverged from a common ancestor

question

Which statement below is true of parsimonious trees?

answer

The most parsimonious tree requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared derived characters.

question

Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart, but most reptiles have a three-chambered heart. How does this fact affect the construction of phylogenetic trees for these groups?

answer

The most likely tree is not always the most parsimonious.

question

If you wanted to determine the lineage of plants that have evolved on a relatively young archipelago—approximately 15,000 years old—what type of nucleic acid should you compare?

answer

mtDNA

question

Paralogous genes __________.

answer

result from gene duplication

question

What is the evolutionary significance of paralogous genes?

answer

They increase the size of the genome and provide more opportunity for the evolution of novel characteristics.

question

What is the evolutionary significance of orthologous genes?

answer

The high percentage of orthologous genes found in vastly different organisms emphasizes the many biochemical and developmental pathways shared by all organisms.

question

The idea of using molecules as clocks to time evolutionary events is very attractive, but there are many problems in actually applying the technique. What seems to be the best way to get reliable results?

answer

It is important to use as many genes as possible. With this approach, fluctuations in evolutionary rate will tend to average out

question

By applying a molecular clock, researchers have proposed that the first HIV-1 M invasion into humans occurred in the __________

answer

1930s

question

To which domain is the domain Eukarya (the domain to which humans belong) most closely related?

answer

It is not clear whether eukaryotes are more closely related to bacteria or archae

question

Universal phylogenetic trees built from different genes sometimes give inconsistent results. What basic assumption on which phylogenetic trees are based has probably been violated during the history of life?

answer

Genes are passed vertically from one generation to the next.

question

Why is salt a good preservative to use for foods such as pork and fish?

answer

Prokaryotic cells living in the food will shrink from their cell walls, impacting their ability to reproduce.

question

Gram-negative bacteria have __________ peptidoglycan than gram-positive cells, and their cell walls are __________ complex structurally.

answer

less ... more

question

A gram-negative cell wall consists of __________.

answer

a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides

question

Bacteria that __________ tend to have abundant internal membranes

answer

are photosynthetic

question

Bacterial flagella have a very complex structure composed of 42 distinct proteins. What is the most likely explanation for the evolution of these complex structures?

answer

exaptation

question

The bacteria that cause tetanus can be killed only by prolonged heating at temperatures considerably above boiling. This suggests that these bacteria __________.

answer

produce endospores

question

Plasmids __________.

answer

All of the listed responses are correct.

question

How is it possible that as many as 9 million mutations can arise each day in the population of E. coli inhabiting one human?

answer

A large population size and a rapid reproduction rate combine to produce many mutations without a particularly high mutation rate.

question

In the absence of meiosis and sexual reproduction, what general process allows genetic recombination among prokaryotes?

answer

horizontal gene transfer

question

Which of the following statements about transformation is true?

answer

It can be facilitated by cell-surface proteins that recognize compatible DNA

question

An F+ bacterial cell __________.

answer

acts as a donor during conjugation

question

Which of the following is/are true about R plasmids?

answer

Both the second and third answers are correct.

question

Organisms that use light for their energy source and CO2 for their carbon source are called __________.

answer

photoautotrophs

question

In an experiment, a microbiologist put equal numbers of each of the following organisms into a flask of sterile broth, consisting mostly of sugar and a few amino acids. She then placed the flask in the dark. Which of the organisms would be most likely to survive?

answer

chemoheterotrophic bacteria

question

The Desulfovibrio bacterium breaks down organic matter (which it must have) and uses sulfate (not oxygen) as an electron acceptor. As a result, it produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S), accounting for the "rotten egg" smell of swamp muck. Oxygen is a deadly poison to Desulfovibrio. We would call Desulfovibrio a(n) __________.

answer

obligate anaerobic chemoheterotroph

question

Choose the list below that contains the substances required by typical nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.

answer

carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water, light, and some minerals

question

What is the role of heterocysts in a cyanobacterial filament?

answer

They carry out only nitrogen fixation.

question

Biofilms are an example of __________.

answer

metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic species

question

Portions of the genomes of certain prokaryotic species are very similar to portions of the genomes of distantly related prokaryotes. The process that most likely accounts for this genetic similarity is __________.

answer

horizontal gene transfer

question

Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts in mutualistic or parasitic relationships?

answer

alpha

question

Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are predators of other bacteria? (eText Concept 27.4)

answer

delta

question

Which group of bacteria is unusual in that they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls? (eText Concept 27.4)

answer

chlamydias

question

Which of the following is a difference between bacteria and archaea? (eText Concept 27.4)

answer

They have different chemicals in their cell membranes and cell walls

question

Which of the following statements about cyanobacteria is/are true?

answer

All of the listed responses are correct.

question

Prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake would be __________.

answer

extreme halophiles

question

Which of the following groups of prokaryotes is classified as a member of the domain Archaea? (eText Concept 27.4)

answer

methanogens

question

Which clade of archaea includes most of the extreme thermophiles?

answer

Crenarchaeota

question

Prokaryotes are completely indispensable to which chemical cycle? (eText Concept 27.5)

answer

nitrogen

question

A type of ecological relationship called __________ involves one organism living at the expense of another organism.

answer

parasitism

question

Which example below is a correct statement about Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a bacterium that lives in the human intestines?

answer

The bacteria have a mutualistic relationship with the human body.

question

Ticks that live on deer and field mice are responsible for spreading the bacterium __________, which causes __________. (eText Concept 27.6)

answer

Borrelia burgdorferi ... Lyme disease

question

Which statement is true regarding cholera? (eText Concept 27.6)

answer

Its symptoms are caused by an exotoxin that stimulates intestinal cells to release chloride ions into the gut.

question

Scientists hypothesize that the O157:H7 strain of E. coli is so different from the K-12 strain because of __________. (eText Concept 27.6)

answer

horizontal gene transfer over many years, most likely through the action of bacteriophages

question

Which statement about prokaryotes is true? (eText Concept 27.6)

answer

Prokaryotes are widely used for bioremediation.

question

Why have protists been "mixed in" with plants, animals, and fungi under the hypothesis that groups eukaryotes into five supergroups? (eText Overview)

answer

Many protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to each other.

question

The placement of all protists in one kingdom caused dissatisfaction among taxonomists mainly because __________. (eText Concept 28.1)

answer

various pieces of evidence indicate that the kingdom Protista cannot be monophyletic

question

Which of the following is one of the main weaknesses of the proposed classification scheme in which all eukaryotes are divided into four supergroups? (eText Concept 28.1)

answer

It shows all four supergroups diverging simultaneously from a common ancestor.

question

Organisms are classified as Excavata based on __________. (eText Concept 28.2)

answer

morphological studies of the cytoskeleton

question

Which example below is a characteristic shared by diplomonads and parabasalids? (eText Concept 28.2)

answer

Both lack plastids.

question

How do trypanosomes withstand the attack of a host's immune system? (eText Concept 28.2)

answer

The molecular composition of their surface changes continually.

question

Which of these groups includes photosynthetic unicellular organisms with flagella and contractile vacuoles? (eText Concept 28.2)

answer

euglenids

question

Apicomplexans are currently assigned to the SAR clade because __________. (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

the apicoplast, a modified plastid, appears to be of red algal origin

question

In many types of protist life cycles, the union of two gametes that results in a diploid zygote is called __________. (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

syngamy

question

What do a carnivorous dinoflagellate, a parasitic apicomplexan, and a ciliate have in common? (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

All three have sacs known as alveoli just beneath their plasma membranes.

question

Which organisms are capable of producing a "red tide"? (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

dinoflagellates

question

Which of these groups includes species that produce a substance that is toxic to humans? (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

dinoflagellates

question

Which of these groups includes parasitic unicellular organisms with a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues?

answer

apicomplexans

question

Which of these groups is characterized by cells that have more than one nucleus? (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

ciliates

question

How do ciliates generate genetic variation? (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

conjugation

question

Which of these groups includes unicellular organisms that, due to the structure of their cell walls, can withstand pressures equal to the pressure under each leg of a table supporting an elephant? (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

diatoms

question

Which characteristic is/are shared by most diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae at least at some stage of their life cycles? (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

All of the listed responses are correct.

question

What is the purpose of the "floats" in some brown algae? (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

facilitating photosynthesis

question

Which of the following organisms is commercially harvested to extract algin from their cell walls? (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

brown algae

question

What role do diatoms play in the global carbon balance affecting global warming? (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

During a bloom, diatom populations may increase rapidly. If many diatoms die and sink to the bottom without being eaten, they effectively pump carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

question

On some areas of the seafloor, one could observe an "ooze" that is hundreds of meters thick. What creates this ooze? (eText Concept 28.3)

answer

the tests of dead radiolarians

question

Many species of red algae are adapted to deeper water due to the fact that __________. (eText Concept 28.4)

answer

their photosynthetic pigments efficiently absorb blue and green light

question

Which of the following groups of algae is/are most closely related to land plants? (eText Concept 28.4)

answer

green algae

question

In lab class, a plasmodial slime mold is used as a demonstration organism. One of the students does not understand why this organism is not considered multicellular. How would you explain it to her? (eText Concept 28.5)

answer

The plasmodium is undivided by membranes and contains many diploid nuclei; therefore, it is not technically multicellular.

question

To which of the four eukaryotic supergroups do amoebas belong? (eText Concept 28.5)

answer

None of the listed responses is correct.

question

The red algae are characterized by __________. (eText Concept 28.5)

answer

diverse life cycles, including alternation of generations

question

What percentage of the world's photosynthesis is carried out by protists? (eText Concept 28.6)

answer

about 30%

question

__________ is a protist that causes late blight of potatoes and was responsible for the Irish potato famine of the 19th century. (eText Concept 28.6)

answer

Phytophthora infestans

question

Hypermastigotes are important endosymbionts that live in the guts of __________. (eText Concept 28.6)

answer

termites

question

Which of the following statements about algae and plants is true? (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

Plants have a waxy, waterproof cuticle, and algae do not.

question

Which of the following homologies is/are shared by land plants and their closest living algal relatives? (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

All of the listed responses are correct.

question

In moving to land, which of the following challenges did plants have to overcome? (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

desiccation

question

Alternation of generations __________. (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

is distinguished by haploid and diploid stages that are both multicellular

question

Plants undergo alternation of generations in which __________. (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

the sporophyte generation alternates with the gametophyte generation

question

Gametangia are __________. (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

single-celled in algae, multicellular in most plants

question

In charophytes, __________ protect(s) zygotes from desiccation. (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

sporopollenin

question

Which is a key difference between alternation of generations in plants and sexual reproduction in nonplant organisms? (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

In plants, the haploid and diploid stages are both multicellular.

question

The development of the __________ prevents plants from drying out and protects them from microbes. (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

cuticle

question

Which example below is a clade of nonvascular plants? (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

bryophytes

question

Which term is most nearly synonymous with land plants? (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

embryophytes

question

A major division in plant systematics is based on whether a particular species has __________. (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

vascular tissue

question

The gametophyte stage of the plant life cycle is most conspicuous in __________. (eText Concept 29.2)

answer

mosses

question

What structures allow plants to readily take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? (eText Concept 29.1)

answer

stomata

question

When you see a green, "leafy" moss, you are looking at the __________. (eText Concept 29.2)

answer

gametophyte generation

question

Rhizoids __________.

answer

anchor the gametophytes of bryophytes

question

Which of the following produces eggs and sperm? (eText Concept 29.2)

answer

moss gametophytes

question

Fertilization in moss occurs when sperm swim from a(n) __________ and down the neck of a(n) __________. (eText Concept 29.2)

answer

antheridium ... archegonium

question

The gametophyte generation of a moss __________. (eText Concept 29.2)

answer

is haploid

question

How are gametes produced by bryophytes? (eText Concept 29.2)

answer

by mitosis of gametophyte cells

question

In mosses, haploid __________ directly produce buds that grow into gametophores. (eText Concept 29.2)

answer

protonemata

question

Which structure of a bryophyte sporophyte is specialized for gradual spore discharge? (eText Concept 29.2)

answer

peristome

question

In which bryophyte structure specifically does a zygote develop into an embryo?(eText Concept 29.2)

answer

archegonium

question

Sphagnum is a __________ that forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material. (eText Concept 29.2)

answer

moss

question

In the life cycle of a fern, the multicellular male gametangium (the sex organ that produces sperm cells) is called a(n) __________. (eText Concept 29.3)

answer

antheridium

question

In the life cycle of ferns, the multicellular female gametangium (the sex organ that contains an egg) is a(n) __________. (eText Concept 29.3)

answer

archegonium

question

Ferns and mosses are limited mostly to moist environments because __________. (eText Concept 29.3)

answer

they have swimming sperm

question

What is the evolutionary significance of megaphylls? (eText Concept 29.3)

answer

They increase the surface area for photosynthesis.

question

The "dots" on the underside of a fern frond are spore cases; therefore, what is true of the plant to which the frond belongs?

answer

It is a sporophyte.

question

Where would you find a fern gametophyte?

answer

on moist soil

question

Fern gametophytes are __________. (eText Concept 29.3)

answer

free-living, multicellular organisms

question

To examine meiosis in ferns, you would study __________. (eText Concept 29.3)

answer

the sporangia

question

Vascular tissues of plants include __________. (eText Concept 29.3)

answer

xylem for conducting water and minerals, and phloem for conducting dissolved organic molecules

question

Heterosporous plants produce __________. (eText Concept 29.3)

answer

megaspores that develop into female gametophytes and microspores that develop into male gametophytes

question

Sori can be found in which of the following? (eText Concept 29.3)

answer

pterophytes

question

In sporophyte ferns, the leaves are __________. (eText Concept 29.3)

answer

megaphylls

question

The first large forests formed in the Carboniferous Period. The decrease in CO2 levels by all of these plants caused __________. (eText Concept 29.3)

answer

global cooling

question

Which of the following adaptations is common to all seed plants? (eText Concept 30.1)

answer

All of the listed responses are correct.

question

Which one of the following is true of seed plants, but NOT true of seedless plants? (eText Concept 30.1)

answer

The gametophyte is reduced and dependent on the sporophyte.

question

The closest seedless relatives of seed plants produce one kind of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. What does this suggest about the ancestors of seed plants? (eText Concept 30.1)

answer

They were homosporous.

question

The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into __________. (eText Concept 30.1)

answer

seeds

question

The cells within pollen grains are __________ and together comprise the __________. (eText Concept 30.1)

answer

haploid ... male gametophyte

question

Which example below is evidence provided by living gymnosperms of an evolutionary transition between seedless and seed plants? (eText Concept 30.1)

answer

The sperm of some gymnosperms have flagella.

question

Which of the following best states the advantages that seeds have over spores? (eText Concept 30.1)

answer

Seeds contain embryonic plants, an abundant food supply, and a protective covering.

question

Which gymnosperm phylum is characterized by large cones and fern-like leaves and thrived during the Mesozoic? (eText Concept 30.2)

answer

Cycadophyta

question

Dietary supplements and decongestants containing ephedrine have recently become more strongly regulated in the United States. Which phylum contains the plant from which ephedrine is extracted? (eText Concept 30.2)

answer

phylum Gnetophyta

question

What global change occurring between the Carboniferous period and the Permian period likely contributed to the success of the gymnosperms? (eText Concept 30.2)

answer

The climate became drier and warmer.

question

What is located in the scalelike structures packed densely in pollen cones? (eText Concept 30.2)

answer

sporangia

question

Each pollen grain of a gymnosperm contains a __________. (eText Concept 30.2)

answer

male gametophyte

question

In ovulate cones, megasporocytes undergo __________ and produce __________ megaspores. (eText Concept 30.2)

answer

meiosis ... haploid

question

In a typical conifer, how long does it take for fertilization to occur after pollination? (eText Concept 30.2)

answer

It takes one year.

question

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always __________. (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

produces spores

question

Which types of angiosperms would most likely be wind-pollinated rather than animal-pollinated? (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

The first and second responses are correct.

question

Like gymnosperms, many grasses and angiosperm trees are wind-pollinated. To conserve energy, these angiosperms do not produce complete flowers (complete flowers have all four of the basic parts). Which part would be unnecessary for wind-pollinated angiosperms? (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

petals

question

The portion of a flower that receives the pollen is the __________. (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

stigma

question

During pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the __________ to the __________. (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

anther ... stigma

question

A pea pod is formed from __________. A pea inside the pod is formed from __________. (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

an ovary ... an ovule

question

After fertilization, the __________ develops into a seed and the __________ develops into a fruit. (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

ovule ... ovary

question

Which of the following best describes the function of fruits? (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

protection and dispersal of seeds

question

A plant is said to be cross-pollinated if __________. (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

pollen grains are transferred to a flower on a different plant

question

The pollen tube releases two sperm cells into the embryo sac. The result of this is the __________. (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

union of one sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus and of the other sperm nucleus with two nuclei of the central cell, forming a triploid nucleus called the endosperm

question

Of the following, which is a difference in how reproduction occurs in gymnosperms compared to angiosperms? (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

Only the sperm of angiosperms combine with two central cell nuclei to form triploid endosperm.

question

The triploid nucleus of the embryo sac develops into the __________. (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

endosperm

question

In gymnosperms, the seed coat develops from the integument. In angiosperms, the seed coat develops from the __________. (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

integuments

question

The vast majority of angiosperms with two cotyledons formerly classified as __________ are now classified as __________. (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

dicots ... eudicots

question

Which of the following lists of features characterizes eudicots? (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

two cotyledons, netlike veins, taproot usually present

question

A bright pink flower with deep floral tubes will most likely be pollinated by which mechanism? (eText Concept 30.3)

answer

birds with long beaks

question

Six major crops˜wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes˜contribute disproportionately to human diets. What percentage of all the calories consumed by humans is supplied by these crops? (eText Concept 30.4)

answer

80%

question

At current rates of deforestation, tropical rain forests will be eliminated in __________ years. (eText Concept 30.4)

answer

200

question

Besides the plant tissue that humans ingest, which angiosperm tissue is most directly important for human survival? (eText Concept 30.4)

answer

xylem

question

Fungi are __________ organisms.

answer

chemoheterotrophic

question

__________ fungi absorb nutrients from living organisms.(eText Concept 31.1)

answer

The first and second responses are both correct.

question

There is a fungus in Oregon that covers 890,965 hectares! The bulk of this fungus is most likely _____. (eText Concept 31.1)

answer

mycelia

question

In fungi, the function of the mycelium is _____. (eText Concept 31.1)

answer

obtaining food

question

Fungi that consist of a continuous mass containing hundreds or thousands of nuclei are known as _____. (eText Concept 31.1)

answer

coenocytic

question

Parasitic fungi possess hyphae that are modified to penetrate and absorb nutrients from host tissue. Such modified hyphae are called _____. (eText Concept 31.1)

answer

haustoria

question

You can buy mycorrhizal fungus to add to soil when you plant trees and other plants. Why would you want to do this? (eText Concept 31.1)

answer

Mycorrhizal fungi assist plants in the absorption of essential nutrients.

question

The cell walls of fungal cells are composed of _____. (eText Concept 31.1)

answer

chitin

question

Which choice below generally represents the correct order of events in fungal sexual reproduction? (eText Concept 31.2)

answer

plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, germination

question

Which of the following statements about fungi is/are true? (eText Concept 31.2)

answer

All of the listed responses are correct.

question

What role do pheromones play in fungal sexual reproduction? (eText Concept 31.2)

answer

Fungi use these chemical signals to determine whether a potential sexual partner is of a suitable mating type.

question

Hyphae with two nuclei per cell are called _____. (eText Concept 31.2)

answer

dikaryotic

question

During what stage of fungal reproduction are diploid cells produced? (eText Concept 31.2)

answer

karyogamy

question

Fungal species are assigned to particular phyla based on _____. (eText Concept 31.2)

answer

the type of sexual structure they form

question

Molecular evidence suggests that fungi _____. (eText Concept 31.3)

answer

and animals have a common ancestor

question

Evidence that mycorrhizae, the mutualistic relationship between plants and fungi, existed from the beginning of the colonization of land comes from _____. (eText Concept 31.3)

answer

fossils

question

Which feature below is unique to chytrids? (eText Concept 31.4)

answer

zoospores (flagellated spores)

question

Which statement below about zygosporangia is/are true? (eText Concept 31.4)

answer

All of the listed responses are correct.

question

What is the major feature of glomeromycetes? (eText Concept 31.4)

answer

arbuscules

question

An ascus is _____. (eText Concept 31.4)

answer

a saclike structure containing spores

question

The asexual spores produced by members of the phylum Ascomycota are called _____. (eText Concept 31.4)

answer

conidia

question

The mushroom in a basidiomycete life cycle serves the same function as the _____ in the ascomycete life cycle, which is to _____. (eText Concept 31.4)

answer

ascocarp ... scatter sexually produced spores

question

While hiking through a forest, you discover a fungus growing on the remains of a decaying tree trunk. You hypothesize that it is a basidiomycete fungus because it resembles a mushroom in shape and size. If your logic is correct, microscopic analysis of the tissue found in the stalk of this fungus will reveal the presence of _____. (eText Concept 31.4)

answer

dikaryotic cells with haploid nuclei

question

Fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota are the most important decomposers of wood because of their ability to break down _____. (eText Concept 31.4)

answer

lignin

question

What is the importance of the extended dikaryotic stage in the life cycles of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes? (eText Concept 31.4)

answer

It allows for more genetic recombination.

question

Where and when does fertilization occur in the mushroom life cycle? (eText Concept 31.4)

answer

in a mushroom, when the nuclei of a dikaryotic cell fuse

question

Lichens are _____. (eText Concept 31.5)

answer

symbiotic associations of photosynthesizers and fungi

question

Lichens are important pioneers in areas that have been burned by fires or destroyed by lava flows because _____. (eText Concept 31.5)

answer

they are important in the initial stages of soil formation

question

A dramatic example of the pathogenicity of certain fungi is the dramatic decrease of the American chestnut tree by _____. (eText Concept 31.5)

answer

ascomycete

question

Two of the most common mycoses (fungal infections) in humans are _____. (eText Concept 31.5)

answer

athlete's foot and Candida (yeast) infections

Bio 2 Exam One Practice Questions – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards