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DNA profiling

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the analysis of DNA samples that can be used to determine whether the samples come from the same individual

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DNA profiling can be used

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test the suspected criminals, identify tissue samples of victims, resolve paternity cases, identify contraband animal products and trace evolutionary history of organisms. Can also be used in courts.

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DNA technology has led to other advances in the

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creation of genetically modified crops and identification and treatment of genetic diseases.

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Biotechnology

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the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

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biotechnology is used

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to make bread using yeasts and selectively breed livestock for desired traits

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plasmid

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extra ring of DNA and bacteria

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biotechnology today means

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studying and manipulating genetic material modifying specific genes moving genes between organisms

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Plasmids

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small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the larger bacterial chromosome

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plasmids can carry

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any gene

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plasmids can act as

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Vectors, DNA carriers that move genes from one cell to another

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Plasmids are ideal for

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gene cloning - the production of multiple identical copies of a gene carrying piece of DNA

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Recombinant DNA

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constructed when scientists combine pieces of DNA from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule

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Recombiant DNA technology is used

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in genetic engineering - the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

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How can Proteins that are naturally present in only small amounts be produced in large quantities?

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by transferring the gene for a desired protein into a bacterium or yeast.

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DNA ligase enzymes

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An enzyme, essential for DNA replication, that catalyzes the covalent bonding of adjacent DNA nucleotides; used in genetic engineering to paste a specific piece of DNA containing a gene of interest into a bacterial plasmid or other vector.

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Restriction enzymes

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cut DNA at a specific site, Nucleotide sequences called Restriction Sites, on a chromosome

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Genome Library

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The entire collection of DNA segments from an organism's genome. Each segment is usually carried by a plasmid or phage.

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another way to obtain a gene of interest is to

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use reverse transcriptase and sytnthesize the gene by using an mRNA template

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Another apprroach to DNA synthesizing is using

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an automated DNA machine makeing Genes from scratch

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In 1982 what was sold

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the worlds first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was sold

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How do you test if two samples of DNA come from the same person?

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Repetitive DNA - makes up much of the DNA that lies between genes in humans and consists of nucleotide sequences that are present in multiple copies in the genome

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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a techniques to copy quickly and precisely a specific segent of DNA and can generate enough DNA from small amounts of blood or tissue for DNA profiling

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short tandem repeats (STRs)

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are short sequences of DNA and repeated many times, tandemly in the genome

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STR analysis

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compares the lengths of DNA fragments and uses gel electrophoreses

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Gel electrophorieses

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a method for sorting macromolecules - usually proteins or nucleic acids - A mixture of molecules is placed on a gel between a positively charged electrode and a negatively charged one; negative charges on the molecules are attracted to the positive electrode, and the molecules migrate toward that electrode. The molecules separate in the gel according to their rates of migration.

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Humulin

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human insulin was produced by genetically modified bacteria

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Humulin is continuously produced by

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gigantic fermentation vats filled with a liquid culture of bacteria - used for Diabetes

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DNA technology is used to produce

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medically valuable molecules such as - human growth hormone (HGH), The hormone erythropoietin (EPO), Vaccines

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

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hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells

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Vaccines

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harmless variants or derivatives of a pathogen used to prevent infectious diseases

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genomics

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study of complete set of genes (Genomes)

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Proteomics

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study of complete set of proteins in an organism

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Genetically Modified (GM) Foods

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organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means

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transgenic organism

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a gene from another organism ( different species)

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SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)

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a fatal disease and caused by a single defective gene that prevents the development of the immune system

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SCID theropy

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Bone marrow transplant or gene therapy - this has cured 22 children with inborn SCID - tho four of the children has fatal side effects developing leukemia.

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In the United States today

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roughly half of the corn crop and more than three quarters of the soybean and cotton crops are genetically modified

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Strawberry plants produce

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bacterial proteins that act as a natural antifreeze, protecting the plants from cold weather

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Potatoes and rice have been modified to produce

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harmless proteins derived from the cholera bacterium and may one day serve as edible vaccines

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Pharm animals

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Animals whose genes have been modified for medical purposes of humans EX: enter gene to code after a mammary gland promoter so that a protein is made and put into milk

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Transgenic pig has been produced for what?

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to carry a gene for human hemoglobin, which can be isolated and used in human blood transfusions.

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Gene Cloning

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the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA

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Recombinant DNA is produced by combining two Ingredients

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a bacterial plasmid and the gene of interest that is spliced into a plasmid by process of restriction enzymes and DNA ligase

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Recombinant DNA Techniques can help

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biologists produce large quantities of a desired protein

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Genetic Engineering

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The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.

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Genetic Markers

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using PCR and gel electrophoresis. DNA profiling can be used to determine whether two samples of genetic material were derived from the same individual.

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How can a researcher obtain DNA that encodes a particular gene of interest

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A shotgun approach can yield millions of recombinant plasmids carrying many different segments of foreign DNA, A collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organisms entire gnomic library

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Once a genomic library is created, the bacterial clone containing the desired gene is identified by?

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nucleic acid probe, consisting of a short single strand of DNA with a complementary sequence and labeled with either a radioactive isotope or a fluorescent dye

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Another way to obtain a gene of interest is to use

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reverse transcriptase and synthesize the gene by using an mRNA telate or use an automated DNA - synthesizing maching and synthesize a gene of interest from scratch

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To produce a DNA profile scientists do what?

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Compare sequences in the genome that vary form person to person, investigate Murder, Paternity and Ancient DNA

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DNA fragments are visualized as

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bands of gel

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The differences in locations of the bands reflect

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the different lengths of the DNA fragments

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RFLP Analysis

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DNA molecules are exposed to a restriction enzyme, producing fragments that are compared and made visible using Gel Electrophoresis

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Human Genome Project

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began in 1990, was a massive scientific endeavor to - determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genomome Identify the location and sequence of every gene

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At the completion of the Human Genome Project

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99% of the genome had been determine to be 99.999% accurate, about 3 million nucleotide pairs were identified, 21000 genes were found and 98% of the human DNA was identified as non-coding

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The Human Genome Project helps map genes

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for specific diseases, such as Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's

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