Bio 117 Environmental Science Final Exam Review – Flashcards
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Economically valuable services provided by natural systems
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Ecosystem Services are
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One which is in balance with the system as a whole
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What is a sustainable system component?
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Alteration and destruction of natural systems
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Advances in agriculture often result in
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A dominant world view in science
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Paradigm
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When they are published in journals that use the peer review process
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When are a study's results accepted into the body of scientific knowledge?
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The detritus and the producers
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In the flow of matter in ecosystems, the greatest flow of nutrients is between
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Is the energy used by plants to make biomass after respiration
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Net primary productivity
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Conservation and recycling
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Compared to energy-flow in ecosystems, the flow of matter reflects what?
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Agriculture
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What is the greatest source of both nitrogen and phosphorus entering Chesapeake Bay?
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Water and carbon dioxide
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During photosynthesis within plants there is a net consumption of what?
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Any organism producing biomass directly from photosynthesis
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What does the trophic level of "producers" include?
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Melting arctic snow exposing dark surfaces that heat up and cause further melting
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Give an example of a positive feedback loop
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Heat resulting from respiration
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In all ecosystems energy is eventually lost to the environment via what?
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Combustion of fossil fuels
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What has the greatest human impact on the carbon cycle?
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Is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water.
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Cellular respiration
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A number of coyotes move into an area and begin to eat a population of small harvest mice. After several years, the harvest mice are much speedier runners than before the coyotes came
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Give an example of Directional Selection
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True
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T/F: Extinction is a natural process
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Cold weather causing the lake to freeze
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An example of a density-independent factor would be
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Spatial arrangement of individuals of a single species within a particular area or ecosystem
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Population distribution is the
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A group of individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area
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What is a population?
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Birth rate, death rate, emigration, immigration
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What are the 4 major factors that determine a population's growth rate?
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The maximum sustainable population that a given environment can support
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Carrying Capacity
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Numbers (frequency, or percentage) of individuals in each age class
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A population's age structure indicates what?
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Top Carnivores
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The energy content and biomass of ________ is lowest in any food web
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Symbiotic
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Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a(n) ________ association.
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Lichens
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Give an example of a pioneer species
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Intraspecific competition
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Individuals of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource is one example of what?
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Remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession
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A climax community always what?
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Steady-state economies that, like natural systems, neither grow nor shrink
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A distinguishing feature of ecological economics is the concept of
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Sell credits to industries that pollute over the cap
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Cap and Trade permits industries that pollute under the federal cap to
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To cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems
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What is the primary role of the United Nations?
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The principle that "internal costs", which are the costs and benefits borne by the buyer and seller alone, represent the true and full economics of all transactions
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Neoclassical Economics
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External Costs
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Environmental damage from industry or land development has traditionally been labeled as ________ by economists
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Aims to promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources
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Environmental policy
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International conventions or treaties
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Where do international environmental policies arise from?
